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THE ANCIEN REGIME AND ENLIGHTMENT, image, image, image, image, image,…
THE ANCIEN REGIME AND ENLIGHTMENT
18th-century society
the population of Europe increased steadily. This was due to improved nutrition and hygiene, a reduction in the number of epidemics and scientific advances
Spain
this period saw the beginning of a demographic trend that continues today
higher population density in the periphery of the Iberian Peninsula and lower population density in the interior
European society continued to be based on the estates system, but Enlightenment thinkers wanted to introduce reforms
nobility and the clergy were opposed to any changes that would reduce their dominance
Enlightened despots criticised the economic power of these groups and introduced measures to limit it, particularly in the case of the clergy
wealthy bourgeoisie was inspired by Enlightenment ideas
They complained about the privileges enjoyed by the nobility and clergy
Peasants' living conditions did not improve, in spite of agricultural reforms. Some peasants had to supplement their income by working in the domestic system.
Social reforms in Spain
The Bourbon kings implemented social reforms, Carlos III eliminated the legal dishonour of labour
This meant that the nobility could now work for a living.
there were popular protests, such as the Esquilache Riots.
In 1767 the Jesuits were expelled from Spain to eliminate their influence over education. Other measures aimed to control marginalised social groups, such as the Roma and the homeless.
Science and art in the 18th century
SCIENTIFIC ADVANCES
the influence of the Enlightenment on education and technological progress.
Many centres of study were created
the scientific legacy of the 17th century.
The application of the scientific method to all fields of knowledge, such as chemistry and medicine, was fundamental.
Physics and geology
in 1796 Edward Jenner discovered a vaccine for smallpox by obtaining liquid from a wound of a person suffering from the disease.
In 1747 it was discovered that eating lemons prevented scurvy
Scurvy was a disease that sailors suffered from due to a lack of vitamin C.
In 1733 Stephen Hales measured blood pressure in animals.
Medicine
In 1788 James Hutton established geology as a science, based on the constant changes he observed in the formation of the Earth.
In 1750 Benjamin Franklin invented the lightning rod. This attracted lightning and conducted it to Earth.
In 1714 Gabriel Fahrenheit improved the mercury thermometer by adding a temperature scale in degrees
In 1742 Anders Celsius invented the 100-degree temperature scale
ROCOCO ART
Rococo was an aristocratic style of art that was popular in Europe between the 1730s and 1760s.
It reflected the aesthetic tastes of the nobility, was characterised by exuberant forms and elaborate decoration.
Architecture
Rococo interiors were elaborately decorated, with curves, seashells and floral elements. This is the origin of the name Rococo
Hotel de Soubise in Paris.
Painting
pastel colours were used to depict rural festivals and domestic scenes
The swing by Jean Honoré Fragonard
Sculpture
Rococo sculptures were often small, and represented joyful and mythological themes
Edmé Bouchardon's Cupid
