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My fist is full of blisters - Coggle Diagram
My fist is full of blisters
Immunity
Innate immunity
it is the immune system that you are born with
It is not specific to certain pathogens
Recognises pathogens through
PAMPs (from pathogens) and DAMPs (from damaged host cells)
Components of the innate immunity
Barriers
Keratin on the skin (Physical)
Epithelial cells (Chemical)
Intraepithelial lymphocytes (cellular)
Cells
Neutrophils
Natural killer cells
Macrophages
Cytokines
Circulating Proteins
Example is
Complement System
Classical pathway (Antigen mediated pathway)
Alternative pathway (Spontaneous binding)
Lectin pathway (Mannose binding lectin)
Adaptive immunity
It is specific
B and T lymphocytes
Humoral immunity
Cell mediated immunity
Healing
Involves
Regenertion
Repair
Stages
Inflammation
Macrophages
Neutrophils
Proliferation
Angiogenesis
Epithelialization
Collagen appears
Homeostasis
Vasoconstriction
Clotting
Remodeling
Scar formation
Types
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary
Factors that affect healing
Local
Foreign bodies
Infections
Blood supply
Less movement
Type, size, location
Systemic
Nutrition
History of glucocorticoids
Age
Diabetes
Hematologic abnormalities
Complications
Pigmentation
Keloid
Deficient Scar formation
Infection
Dupuytren Contracture
Red and raised skin
Skin and degree of burns
Histology of skin
has 3 layers
Dermis
Hypodermis
Epidermis
Degree of burns
Second degree
Epidermis and upper part of dermis is damaged
Third degree
Dermis+epidermis are damaged
First degree
Epidermis is damaged
Fourth degree
Full thickness and extend to deeper tissues
Functions of skin
Temperature regulation
Vitamin D production
Sensation
Excretion
Protection
Preventions
include
Burn & Electrical Accidents
which is by
Being aware of electrical hazards and keeping appliances away from water
Properly storing flammable products
being aware of the heating sources
Keeping a first-aid kit in plain sight
Creating an emergency action plan
Burn complications
which is by
Sterilization
IV saline supply
Regular Follow-up
Physical therapy
Compliance to Medication
Spread of Infections
is the role of
Ministry of Public Health
which is by
Implementing effective awareness programs about communicable diseases and its preventions
Implementing effective plans to control the spread of diseases
Supporting vaccination coverage for the adult population
Psychosocial aspects
Body image
Vivid memories
Returning to work
Sexual dysfunction
Hospital care
Al-wakra hospital inpatient burn unit
Open 24 hours 7 days a week
Receive 10,000 patients annually
2 floors
Fourth floor has 11 beds
First floor has 12 beds and a surgery room
To be referred to the outpatient clinic
Minimal involvement of face, joints,and genitalia
No circumferential burns
Less than 15% of BSA (Adults)
Less than 10% of BSA (children)
Have no chemical burns
No full thickness burns to digital regions, torso, or limb
Management
Depends on the depth of the burn
Daily treatment
Inspect for discolouration, haemorrhage, or fever which indicate infections
Change dressing twice a day
Administer
Silver nitrate
Mafenide Acetate
Silver sulfadiazine
Initial
Remove necrotic tissue
Apply 0.25% of chlorhexidine and 0.1% cetrimide
Administer a tetanus shot
Dress with vaseline gauze
First aid
If small burn immense in water for 30 min to decrease tissue damage and pain
If large burn cover with wraps to decrease systemic heat loss and hypothermia
Drench the superficial burn with cool water
The first 6 hours are the most critical
Nutrition
Higher energy and protiens needed due to trauma and regeneration demand
Malnutrition and anemia affect healing
Skin microbiota
Consists of
more than 1000 bacterial species
Fungi
Viruses
can be
Aerobic
on the outer surface of the skin
Mostly Anaerobic
in deep layers of skin
Number and variety
depend on
pH
Salinity
Temperature
Presence of chemical wastes
Amount of moisture present
Presence of other microbes
Identified as 3 regions
Moist
like
Axillary
Dry
like
Gluteus
Sebaceous
like
Back
Function
Protect our bodies against pathogens
by
cross-talk with immune system
Producing antimicrobial agents
send signals to
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Neutrophils
Can it cause infection?
Trichomycosis axillaris
caused by
Corynebacterium tenuis
Acne Vulgaris
caused by
Propionibacterium acnes
Erythrasma
caused by
Corynebacterium minutissimum
Wound infection
happens when
Loss of good defense
Loss of microbiota predispose to infection
Skin damage
Local infection
Redness
Increased exudate
Friable granulation tissue
Odour
Systemic infection
Pyrexia (fever)
General malaise
Osteomylitis
Cellulitis
Cell injury
Damage due to internal or external factors
caused by?
hypoxia and ischemia
toxins
infectious agents
immunologic reactions
genetic abnormalities
Physical agents
aging
thermal sources or chemical agents
Type of cell injury
Reversible
short duration
Na+ pump damage
Leading to
swelling of cell and organelles due to Accumulation of fluid
inability to maintain ionic and fluid homeostasis
Irreversible
long duration
Cell death (necrosis)
what is necrosis?
When the plasma and intracellular membrane falls apart and cellular contents are leaked
Characterized by
Nuclear changes
3 more items...
Apoptosis vs. Necrosis
Apoptosis
eliminates abnormal cells without inflammation (programmed)
cellular membrane and content
Intact; may be released in apoptotic bodies
Inflammation
Immune response from tissues to attract leukocytes and protiens to fight invaders
Increased vascular permiability
exudate
High protein and cellular content
transudate
Low protein and cellular content
5 signs of inflammation
pain
heat
redness
swelling
loss of function
types of inflammation
acute inflammation
Short duration, rapid onset
chronic inflammation
Slow onset, long duration
caused by
persistent infections or exposure to toxic materials
Autoimmunity e.g, RA and Lupus
Microbiology investigation
Culture
identify the pathogen
collecting samples
sterile tube
culture bottles that contain broth
transport medium swabs
Antibiotic sensitivity
testing
Complications of burns
Chemical burns
Cataracts
Esophageal strictures
Systemic poisoning
Electrical burns
arrhythmias
trauma
Fire and liquid burns
Sepsis
Curling ulcer
Shock
Keloid
Antibiotics
used to treat
Bacterial infections
could be
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
beta-lactam antibiotics
Penicillins
cephalosporins
monobactams
carbapenems
protein synthesis inhibitors
folate synthesis inhibitors
DNA synthesis inhibitors
resisted through
Bacterial enzymes
Beta-lactamases
Amidases
Efflux pumps
Alteration of binding sites
types of vaccines
subunit vaccine
Viral vector DNA vaccine
conjugated vaccine
Virus like particles vaccine
inactivated vaccine
Outer membrane vesicle vaccine
toxoid vaccine
mRNA vaccines
live attenuated vaccine
they can be:
polyvalent
2 or more antigens but from the same microorganism
combination
2 or more antigens from different microorganisms
monovalent
1 antigen
vaccine schedule
12 months
VARICELLA 1
HEPATITIS A 1
MMR1
15 months
PCV BOOSTER
TETRA
6 months
INFLUENZA
PCV 3
OPV2
PENTA
18 months
MMR2
HEPA2
OPV BOOSTER
4 months
HEXA 2
PCV 2
ROTA 2
OPV1
2 years
MENINIGICOCCAL
2 months
PCV 1
ROTA 1
HEXA 1
4-6 years
OPV BOOSTER 2
DTaPB
VARICELLA 2
at birth
BCG
hepatitis B
13-16 years
TdaP
ANTI VAXXERS
VACCINES WEAKENS A CHILD IMMUNITY
NOT TRUE, VACCINATION STRENGTHENS A CHILDS IMMUNITY
VACCINES CONTAIN TOXIC SUBSTANCES ?
TRUE, BUT THE AMOUNT OF IT IS NOT TOXIC
VACCINATION CAUSES AUTISM ?
THE RESEARCH IT WAS BASED ON WAS INSUFFICIENT
NATURAL IMMUNITY IS BETTER THAN IMMUNITY BY A VACCINE?
TRUE, BUT THE CONSEQUENCES OF NATURAL IMMUNITY ARE NOT WORTH IT
IMPORTANCE OF IMMUNIZATION
vaccines decrease the chance of an epidemic
Vaccinations prevent people from getting diseases that do not have medical treatments
Getting immunized costs less than getting treated for the diseases
SIDE EFFECTS
chills
Lethargic
Mild fever
Headache
REDNESS, PAIN AND SWELLING ON SITE OF INJECTION
SERIOUS SIDE EFFECTS
tachycardia
Swelling of face and throat
Dizziness
Difficulty breathing
Weakness
AN ALLERGIC REACTION DUE TO THE COMPONENTS OF THE VACCINE
STABILLIZERS
PRESERVATIVES
ADJUVANTS
Antibiotics
HERD IMMUNITY
when a large proportion of the community becomes immune to a disease, decreasing the spread of the disease from one person to the other. Could be due to?
1- vaccination
2-previous infections