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chapter 3 - Coggle Diagram
chapter 3
Explain the techniques used in fact finding :check:
f
.Research:
A useful fact-finding technique is to research the application or the problem that you are dealing with and want to put within a database. Computer trade journals, reference books, and the Internet are good sources of information that can make available the vast quantity of information on how others have solved similar problems/issues plus whether or not any software packages exist to resolve or even partially solve your current problem.
Advantages
Researcher can see how others have solved similar problems or met similar requirements
Keeps researcher up to date with current developments
Can save time if solution already exists
Disadvantages
May ultimately not help in solving problem because problem is not documented elsewhere
Requires access to appropriate sources of information
First priority is to formulate your question. Then figure out how you are going to
answer it
Example:⌛ How have others answered it?
⏳How does your proposal fit in with what others
have done?
⌛How will you know when you have answered it?
Planning:👉👈 Statement of the problem
👉👈 Literature review
👉👈 Choice of research method
👉👈Design of study
👉👈 Data collection
👉👈 Analysis of data
👉👈Write-up
INTERVIEWS
Step 1
:pencil2: Selecting Interviewes
Prepare a set of questions based on current information
Step 2
:pencil2: Designing interview questions
3 Types of Interview Questions
Closed ended questions
Open ended questions
Probing questions
Step 3 :pencil2:
Preparing the interview
After setting the objectives and developing the questions, you must prepare for the interview.
Careful preparation is essential because an interview is an important meeting and not just a casual chat.
Step 4
:pencil2: Conducting interview
ask question in the order in which you prepared them, and give the interviewee sufficient time to provide thoughtful answers
Establishing a good rapport with the interviewer
receive more complete and candid answers.
The purpose
: to find, verify, clarify facts, motivate end users involved, identify requirements and gather ideas or opinions
Step 5
:pencil2: Poslinterview follow-up
recorded the facts obtained in an interview
an interviewee who tries to protects his or her own area or function might give incomplete answer or refrain from volunteering information
do not have the necessary experience to provide accurate information.
Questionnaires
A questionnaire is a research instrument consisting of
a series of questions
Other prompts for the
purpose of gathering information from respondents.
a.Questionnaire is a set of written questions for
obtaining information from individuals.
b.Used when there is a large number od people from whom information and opinion
c.commonly used for system
intended for use outside of the organization o
for system with business users spread across
many geographic location.
You can administer questionnaires by
i.Mail
ii.Telephone
iii.Using face-to-face interviews
iv.Distributing paper
v.Electronically (example, by email or through Web-based questionnaires).
Step for Conducting Questionnaire
Step 1:Selecting Participants
step 2:Designing the Questionnaire
step 3:Administering the questionnaire
step 4:Questionnaire Follow-Up
OBSERVATION
Observation is a fact-finding technique wherein the systems analyst either participates in or watches a person perform activities to learn about the system.
Personal observation also allows you to verify statements made in interviews and determine whether procedures really operate as they described.
Seeing the system in action gives you additional perspective
and a better understanding of system procedures.
:check: Plan your observation in advance
:check: Prepare a checklist of specific tasks you want to observe and questions you want to ask
:warning: ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED WHEN YOU PREPARE YOUR LIST
:star: Ask sufficient questions to ensure that you have a complete
understanding of the present system operation.
:check:A primary goal is to identify the methods of handling situations that are not covered by standard operating procedures.
For example
:warning: what happens in a payroll system if an
employee loses a time card?
:warning:What is the procedure if an employee starts a shift 10 minutes
late but then works 20 minutes overtime?
:check:Often, the rules for exceptions such as these are not written or formalized; therefore, you must try to document any procedures for handling exceptions.
:star:Observe all the steps in a transaction and note the
documents, inputs, outputs, and processes involved.
:star:Examine each form, record, and report
:check:Determine the purpose each item of information serves.
:star:Consider each user who works with the system and the
following questions:
:explode:What information does that person receive from other people?
:explode:What information does this person generate?
:explode:How is the information communicated?
1 more item...
:star:Talk to the people who receive current reports to see whether the reports are complete, timely, accurate, and in useful form.
:star:Ask whether information can be eliminated or improved and whether people would like to receive additional information
SAMPLING
SAMPLING is the act, prosess or technique of selecting a suitable sample, or a representative part of a population of the purpose of determining parameters or characteristic of thw whole population.
techniques
probality samling
sample is one each element of the population has a known nob-zero probbility of selection
types of probalility sampling
random and without replacement
stratified sampling
systematic sampling
cluster sampling
other type of sampling techniques
purposive sampling
no rule sampling
DOCUMENTATION REVIEW
Document review, in the context of legal proceedings, is the process whereby each party to a case sorts through and analyzed.
The documents and data they proceess to determine which are sensitive or otherwise relevant to the case
Documentation Review Criteria include three areas of focus
Review is used for the "generalized" level of rigor, that is, a high-level examination looking for required content and for any abvious, omissions, or inconsistencies
Study is used for the "focused" level of rigor, that is an examination that includes the intent of "review" and adds a more in-depth examination for greater evidence to support a determine of whether the document has the required content and is free of errors, omissions, and inconsistencies
Analyze is used for the "detailed" level of rigor, that is, an examination that includes the intent of both "review" and "study" adding a through and detailed analysis for significant ground for confident in the determination of whether required content is present and the document is correct, complete, and consistent
The first task is to identify the features or aspects of the system that are vulnerable to attack
This is typically a creative process involving a number of activities, including documentation review, network service scanning, and even fuzzing, or random testing
Documentation review can discover gaps and weaknesses that could lead to missing or immproperly implemented security controls
Common documentation weaknesses include OS security procedurs or protocols that are no longer used ,and failure to include a new OS and its protocol
IDENTIFY THE SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
CONTROL
A well-designed set of controls is required to protect information resources.
A combination of general and application controls are used to control computer systems.
The design, security, and use of computer programs, as well as the security of data files in general, are all subject to broad restrictions.
Each computerized application has its own set of controls called application controls.
Examples:
The system must maintain seperate level of security.
The manager of sales department must approve orders
An employee record must be added,changed.
All transactions must have audit trails.
The system must provide log-on security at the operating system level.
The system must create an error log.
Performance
accuracy ,speed, efficiency, capacity and reliability of a system.
example
maximum response time:2 miliseconds
Max data recorded for each users:1 Terabyte
users:60
input
In computer science, the general meaning of input is to provide or give something to the computer, in other words, when a computer or device is receiving a command or signal from outer sources, the event is referred to as input to the device
within the context of system theory ,the inputs are what put into system
input is something put onto a system or expended in its operation to achieve output or result
examples
1.keyboard
The keyboard is one of the most prominent input devices of the computer. It operates similarly to typewriters. The keyboard is designed to input text numbers and characters. By using a keyboard, we do the entire writing work on the computer.
Mouse
The Mouse is the input device of the computer, also known as a pointing device and Cursor Moving Device. It is, along with the keyboard, one of the most widely used examples of input devices today.
Joystick
The joystick is another input devices examples that is a vertical stick-shaped device that looks like a movable vertical handle. With the help of these computer input devices, we can move the cursor in any direction on the screen.
Digital Camera
A digital camera is a photographic input device in which the image or video is recorded on a CCD system and stored in digital form in memory cards. It can not only capture and digitize an image but also record sound and shooting parameters.
Output
The information produce by a system or process from a specific input.
The outcome of processing.
Within the context of system theory, outputs are the results obtained after running an entire process or just a small part of process.
Example
Report online for volume statistic from the web site.
Daily report that produce from inventory system.
A daily reminder list that generate from the contact management system.
The purchasing system provide suppliers with up-to-date specifications.
A daily fast moving item report that provide from the sales tracking system.
A quaterly report that produce from the customer analysis system.
PROCESS
The processing that will take place and the hardware necessary to support that processing. It is act of
taking inputted data and converting it to something usable
examples:
The student records systems must allow record access
As the final step in year-end processing, the payroll system must update
The warehouse distribution system must analyze daily orders
The human resources system must interface properly
The video rental system must not execute new rental