Johnson et al (1989) conducted research on university students across six cultures (Australia, Egypt, South Korea, Taiwan, the USA, and Yugoslavia) to test cultural differences in giving help, receiving help, and the rated importance of helping behaviour. After analysis of the self-reported data, the researchers found that helping behaviour between the samples showed substantial consistency. The frequency of giving, receiving and the importance of helping was also consistent across samples. Johnson et al did acknowledge that their self-reported findings are subject to social desirability but that because reports of giving and receiving help roughly balanced, social desirability did not play a significant role.