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skeletal system/ Leslie Vieyra Period 2 - Coggle Diagram
skeletal system/ Leslie Vieyra Period 2
structures of long bones
articular cartilage: the smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bone where they come together to form joints
epiphysis: expanded end of the long bones in animals, which ossifies separately from the bone shaft but becomes fixed to the shaft when full growth is attained
diaphysis: the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone
medullar cavity: the central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow is stored
periosteum: a membrane tissue that covers the surface of your bones
endometrium: the layer of the tissue that lines the uterus
bone marrow: the soft and spongy tissue that has many blood vessels and is found in the center of most bones
compact bone: a very tightly packed tissue, which makes up the wall of the diaphysis
types of bones
flat bones: flat shape NOT rounded, have marrow slightly curved , made up of a layer of spongy bone. ex: the skull and rib bones
long bones: they are more longer than they are wide ex: tibia, femur, fibula, metatarsals, and phalanges)
short bone: cube liked shaped, approximately equal in length, width and thickness; they provude stability
irregular bones: complicated shapes, ex:the vertrebae
types of joints movements
dorsiflexion: ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
adduction: moving a body part towards the midline
abduction: moving a body part away from the midline
hyper extension: straightening beyond normal anatomical position
lateral flexion: bending the head, neck, or trunk to the side
flexion: bending parts at a joint, so that the angle between them decreases
extension: straightening parts at a joint, so that the angle between them increases
plantar flexion: ankle movement that moves the foot farther from the shin; points the toes
rotation: movement of a part around an axis
circumduction: movement of a part so its end follows a circular path
pronation: rotation of a forearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
supination: rotation of a forearm so that the palm is facing upward or anteriorly
inversion: turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot medially
eversion: turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot laterally
protraction: moving a part of the body forward
retraction: moving a part of the body backward
elevation: raising a part of the body
depression: lowering a part of the body
joints
cartilaginous: articulating bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
synovial joints: articulating end of bones are surrounded by a joint capsule of ligaments and synovial membranes
condylar: oval shaped condyle of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another
Ball-and-socket: ball-shaped head of one bone articulates with cup-shaped cavity of another
plane: articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
Hinge: Convex surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another
pivot: cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with ring of bones and ligament.
saddle: articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions; the surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another
fibrous: articulating bones are fastened together by a thin layer of dense connective tissue
bone remodeling:
remodeling or bone turnover is the process of resorption followed by the replacement of bone with limited change in shape; this process occurs throughout a person's life, this happens by specialized cells called osteoblasts
osteoblasts: they are specialized mesenchymal cells that synthesize bone matrix and coordinate the mineralization of the skeleton
differences between male and female bones
pelvic girdle: female hipbones are lighter , thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments. The female obturator foramina are triangular, whereas the male's are oval
pelvic cavity: the female pelvic cavity is wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped. The distances between the female ischial spines and ischial tuberosities are greater than in a male.
sacrum: female sacrum is wider, and the sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly than in a male
coccyx: female coccyx is more movable than that of a male.
bone fractures:
a greenstick fracture: it is incomplete and the break occurs on the convex surface of the bend in the bone
a fissured fracture: it is an incomplete longitudinal break
a comminuted fracture: it is complete and fragments the bone
a transverse fracture: it is complete and the break occurs at a right angle to the axis of the bone
an oblique fracture: it occurs at an angle other than a right angle to the axis of the bone
a spiral fracture: it is caused by excessive twisting of a bone
axial skeleton: consists of the braincase (cranium)and the backbone and ribs, it serves primarily to protect the central nervous system
appendicular skeleton: the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages
lower limb, pelvic girdle, pectoral girdle, upper limbs
Skull: frontal bone, parietal bone, temporaral bone, ethmoid bone, facial bone
middle ear bones: stapes, malleus, incus
hyoid bone; supports the tongue