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CLASSIFICATION OF THE TROPICAL DISEASES, Trematodes - Coggle Diagram
CLASSIFICATION OF THE TROPICAL DISEASES
The classification of infectious diseases is so important because it serves to identify microorganisms from tropical areas, being of great help for doctors, microbiologists, pathologists and even laboratory personnel.
Common infectious pathogens
Viruses
DNA
Group I double stranded DNA
pox
papova
herpes
hepadna
Group II single stranded DNA
parvo
RNA
Group IV single stranded
Positive sense
rhabdo
picorna
orthomyxo
toga
Group V single stranded
negative sense
ebola
marbug
Group III double stranded
reo
Fungi
Ascomycetes
(sac fungi)
Basidiomycetes
(club fungi)
Zygomycetes
(mucor fungi)
Phycomycetes
(algal fungi)
Morphology
Unicellular
Candida spp,
Histoplasma spp
Multicellular
Aspergillus spp, Rhizopus spp, Fusarium spp)
Dimorphic
Penicillium marneffei
Protozoa
Ameboids
Entamoeba histolytica
Acanthamoeba spp
Naegleria fowleri
Leishmania spp
Balantidium coli
Flagellates
Trypanosoma spp (T cruzi, T brucei rhodesiense, T brucei gambiense, T rangeli)
Giardia lamblia
Leishmania spp
Trichomonas spp
Sporozoans
Plasmodium spp (Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae, Plasmodium ovale)
Babesia microti
Toxoplasma gondii
Microsporidium spp
Cryptosporium spp
Parasites
Helminths
Trematodes
Blood flukes
(Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma intercalatum, Schistosoma mekongi)
Lung flukes
(Paragonimus westermani)
Liver flukes
(Fasciola hepatica, Fasciolopsis buski, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis spp)
Cestodes
Intestinal tapeworms
(Taenia solium, Taenia saginata, Diphyllobothrium latum, Hymenolepis nana)
Intestinal tapeworm larval infections in organs:
a. Cysticercosis (
Taenia solium larvae
)
b. Echinococcosis (larvae of dog tapeworms
Echinococcus granulosus
, and
Echinococcus multilocularis
)
Nematodes
Gut nematodes
(Ascaris lumbricoides, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiuria, Ancylostoma spp, Necator americanus)
Tissue/muscle nematode
(Dracunculus medinensis, Trichinella spiralis, Gnathostoma spinigerum, Linguatella serrata, Armillifer armillatus)
Central nervous system nematodes
(Angiostrongylus cantonensis)
Bacteria
Morphologic descriptions
Bacilli
Vibrio
Cocci
Gram staining
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
Oxygen requirements
Aerobes and anaerobes
Chlamydia
Chlamydia pneumoniae
Chlamydia trachomatis
Spirochetes
Leptospira spp
(
Leptospira icterohaemorrhagica, Leptospira canicola
)
Borrelia spp
(
Berrelia recurrentis, Borrelia burgdoferi
)
Treponema spp
(
Treponema pallidum, Treponema pertenue, Treponema carateum
)
Spirillum minus
Rickettsia
Spotted fever group
Typhus group
Rickettsia spp
Scrub typhus group (now Orientalis)
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma arthritidis
Mycoplasma genitalium
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Main Organ Involved
Gastrointestinal
Protozoal: Chagas disease, amebiasis, Giardia, coccidia
Helminthic: multiple
Bacterial: all gastroenteritides, tuberculosis
Hepatic
Protozoal: amoebic hepatitis/abscess, malaria, trypanosomiasis
Helminthic: schistosomiasis, liver trematodes, hydatidosis
Viral: hepatitis A–E, yellow fever, herpes viruses
Bacterial: leptospirosis, polymicrobial, anaerobes
Respiratory
Bacterial: tuberculosis, pneumococcal pneumonia, legionnaires, mycoplasma pneumonia
Fungal: aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, blastomycosis
Helminthic: paragonimiasis, strongyloides hyperinfection, hydatid, tropical pulmonary eosinophilia
Protozoal: Plasmodium falciparum
Cardiovascular
Bacterial: endocarditis, rheumatic fever, tuberculosis, syphilis
Protozoal: Chagas disease
Helminthic: schistosomiasis
Renal tract
Bacterial: poststreptococcal, tuberculosis
Helminthic: schistosomiasis
Protozoal:
Plasmodium falciparum
Neurologic
Bacterial:
Neisseria meningitidis
and other bacterial meningitis, leprosy, botulism, diphtheria
Protozoal:
Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoebae, trypanosomiasis, Plasmodium falciparum
Helminthic: cysticercosis, hydatid,
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
, gnathostomiasis
Viral: HIV, HTLV-1, Japanese encephalitis, enteroviruses, rabies
Dermatologic
Bacterial: tropical ulcers, syphilis, mycobacteria (eg, leprosy, tuberculosis,
Mycobacterium ulcerans
), anthrax
Fungal: sporotrichosis, mycetoma,
Penicillium
Helminthic: acute schistosomiasis, Loa loa,
Gnathostoma
, onchocerciasis, cutaneous larva migrans, larva currens
Protozoal: leishmaniasis
Arthropods: bites and stings, scabies, myiasis, tungiasis
Musculoskeletal
Pyomyositis, trichinosis, cysticercosis, tuberculosis, hydatid
Routes of transmission
Mother to child
Transplacental transmission
via blood
Torches group of infections (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, Herpes simplex, syphilis), HIV, hepatitis viruses, malaria, trypanosomiases, bacterial infections
Cogenital vertical
Perinatal
Vaginal/cervical contact during delivery
Bacterial, viral, fungal infections
Contact via breast milk
Sexually transmitted diseases
Airborne/inhalational
Inhalation of air, aerosol, fomite
contaminated by microbes
RTIs caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi,
Chlamydia spp
and
Mycoplasma spp
(eg, lobal pneumonia, influenza, pneumonic plague, tuberculosis)
Contact of skin or mucosa
Indirect (indirect contact with infected fomite, body fluid, secretions, stool, blood, plasma, or pus)
Boils, MRSA, sexually transmitted diseases, respiratory infections, C difficile and so forth
Direct (touching, kissing, sex)
Sexually transmitted diseases, mycosis, scabies, MRSA
Ingestion
Ingestion of any food or water contaminated with:
Microorganisms
Infections caused by bacteria (eg, typhoid, cholera, dysentery), viruses (eg, hepatitis A, B, and C), mycobacteria (eg,
Mycobacterium xenopi
), protozoa (eg,
Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp
)
Toxins
Staphylococcal, botulism,
Bacillus cereus
,
scrombrotoxin, mushroom
(Amanita phalloides)
Parasite ova-cysts
Infections caused by nematodes, trematodes, cestodes, protozoa (
Entamoeba histolytica, Cryptosporidium spp
)
Insect/arthropod-borne injection through skin penetration
Mosquitoes and disease transmission
Anopheles spp
Malaria (all Plasmodium spp), bancroftian filariasis (Wuchereria bancrofti)
Culicine spp
Arbovirus encephalitis (eg, Japanese B encephalitis, St Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus)
Aedes spp
Yellow fever, filariasis (bancroftian)
Sandfly and disease transmission (
Phlebotomus spp, Lutzomyia spp
)
Leishmaniasis (all forms), sandfly fever (or Pappataci 3 day fever; Toscana, Sicilian, and Naples virus infections), bartenellosis (
Bartonella bacciliformis
)
Tsetse flies and disease transmission (
Glossina spp
)
Sleeping sickness (
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, T brucei gambiense
)
Black flies (
Simulium spp
)
Onchocerciases (river blindness) (Onchocerca volvulus)
Horse/deer flies (Chrysops spp)
Filariasis (Loa loa), tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
Lice
Pediculosis, trench fever, bacillary angiomatosis and endocarditis (
Bartonella quintana
), epidemic typhus (
Rickettsia prowazekii
), louse-borne relapsing fever (
Borrelia recurrentis
)
Arachnids
Mites
Chiggers, scrub typhus (
Orientia tsutsugamushi
)
Ticks
Lyme disease (
Borrelia burgdorferi
), tick typhus (Rocky Mountain spotted fever), ehrlichiosis (
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
), relapsing fever (
Borrelia recurrentis
), tularemia (
Francisella tularensis
), arboviruses (eg, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever Omsk hemorrhagic fever, babesiosis (
Babesia microti
)
Insect feces rubbed into skin
Reduvid bugs (
Rhodnius spp, Triatoma spp, Panstrongylus spp
)
Chagas disease: feces of reduvid bugs with
T cruzi spp
are rubbed into skin by scratching)
Animal and human bites
Viruses (rabies, HIV, hepatitis B, hepatitis C,
Herpes spp
) bacterial infections (anaerobic and aerobic) including tetanus, actinomycosis, rat bite fever (
Spirillum minus
),
Pasteurella multocida, Capnocytophaga canimorsus
Infectious causes of granulomas
Fungi
1. Histoplasma capsulatum
2. Coccidioides immitis
3. Aspergillus fumigatus
4. Cryptococcus neoformans
Histoplasmosis any organ
Cocciodomycoses any organ
Pulmonary aspergillosis in lung
Cryptococcosis any organ
Parasites
Protozoa
Toxoplasma gondii, Leishmania spp
Toxoplasmosis (eye or brain)
Leishmaniases (skin, mucous membranes, spleen, liver)
Helminth
Helminth larve
Ascaris lumbricoides, Ancylostoma spp, Necator americanus
Granulomas cutaneous ando visceral, around dead larvae
Cestodes
Clonorchis sinensis
and
Taenia solium
Granuloma around cysticerci (muscle, brain, subcutaneous tissue)
Bacteria
Yersinia spp
Yersinia pestis
Plague in skin and lung
Brucella spp
Brucella abortus, Brucella mellitensis, Brucella suis
Brucellosis any organ
Listeria spp
Listeria monocytogenes
Listerioses in brain
Spirochetes
1. Treponema pallidum
2. Treponema carateum
Primary syphilis (skin)
Yaws (skin/mucous membranes)
Mycobacteria spp
1. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2. Mycobacterium leprae
3. Mycobacterium kansasii
4. Mycobacterium marinum
5. Mycobacterium bovis
Tuberculosis
Leprosy
Pneumonia
Fish tank
BCGiosis
Trematodes
Schistosoma spp,
Fasciola spp, Opisthorchis spp
Granulomas any organ
Granulomas in liver, spleen or duct
