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CHAPTER 2 NETWORK ACCESS, (Ada 3 Perkara Utama) Open Standards …

- - - - A multiport connectivity device that directs
        data between nodes on a network
      - Can integrate LANs and WANs running at different transmission speeds and using a variety of protocols
      - Layer 3 (Network Layer) of OSI model
    - - Devices that connect two network segments by analysing incoming frames and making decisions about where to direct them based on each frame's MAC address
      - Operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model
    - - Repeater with one output port
      - Accepts signals from transmitting node and repeats those signal to all other connected nodes in a broadcast fashion
      - Because of their limited features and the fact that they merely repeat signals within a single collision domain, hubs were replaced by routers and switches
    - - Operate in the Physical layer in OSI model-no means to intepret the data they retransmit
      - One input and output port - receiving and repeating a single data stream
      - Allows you to extend a network inexpensively
    - - Allows a Wi-Fi compliant device to connect to a wired network
      - Mobility
      - Differentiated from a hotspot, which is the
        physical location where Wi-Fi access to a WLAN is available
    - - Stand for Modulation and Demodulation
      - Convert either digital signal to analog signal (modulation) and analog signal to digital signal
        (demodulation)
    - - A hardware
        component, typically a circuit board or chip, which is installed on a computer so that it can connect to a network
      - Designed for use with either wired or
        wireless networks
        
        On-Board NICs, via an expansion slot or
        peripheral bus
        
        Wireless NICs, which contain antennas to send
        and receive signals wirelessly
    - - Connectivity devices that subdivide a
        network into smaller logical pieces, or segments
      - Traditional switches operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model.
      - Modern switches can operate at Layer 3 or even Layer 4.
      - Because they have multiple ports, switches can make better use of limited bandwidth and prove more cost efficient than bridges.
  - - - Fiber media Cable Design
        
        Layer 3: Buffer
        
        Used to help shield the core and cladding from damage.
        
        Layer 4: Cladding
        
        Made from slightly different chemicals than those used to create the core.
        
        It tends to act like a mirror by reflecting light back into the core of the fiber.
        
        This keeps light in the core as it travels down the fiber.
        
        Layer 2: Strengthening Material
        
        Surrounds the buffer, prevents the fiber cable from being stretched when it is being pulled.
        
        The material used is often the same material used to produce bulletproof vests.
        
        Layer 5: Core
        
        The core is actually the light transmission element at the center of the optical fiber.
        
        This core is typically silica or glass.
        
        Light pulses travel through the fiber core
        
        Layer 1: Jacket
        
        Typically a PVC jacket that protects the fiber against abrasion, moisture and other contaminants.
        
        This outer jacket composition can vary depending on the cable usage.
      - Types of Fiber Media: Single Mode
        
        Produce single straight path of light
        
        Less dispersion
        
        Suited for long distance applications
        
        Uses lasers as the light source
        
        Glass cladding
        125 microns diameter
        
        Polymeric Coating
        
        Glass Core = 9 microns
        
        Small Core
        
        Commonly used with campus backbones for distances of several thousand meters
      - Types of Fiber Media: Multimode
        
        Allows multiple paths for light
        
        Glass Cladding
        125 microns diameter
        
        Polymeric Coating
        
        Glass Core
        = 50/62.5 microns
        
        Suited for long distance applications, but shorter than single mode
        
        Uses LEDs as the light source
        
        Allows greater dispersion and therefore, loss of signal
        
        Commonly used with LANs or distances of a couple hundred meters within a campus network
        
        Larger core than single mode cable
      - Fiber Optic Connectors
        
        ST Connectors
        
        SC Connectors
        
        LC Connector
        
        Duplex Multimode LC Connectors
      - Common Fiber Patch Cords
        
        SC-SC Multimode Patch Cord
        
        SC-ST Single-mode Patch Cord
        
        LC-LC Single-mode Patch Cord
        
        ST-LC Multimode Patch Cord
      - Testing Fiber Cables
        
        Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)
    - - UTP
        Cabling
        
        10 Mb/s - 10 Gb/s
        
        Relatively short
        (1 - 100 meters)
        
        Low
        
        Low
        
        Lowest
        
        1 more item...
      - Implementation
        Issues
        
        Bandwidth supported
        
        Distance
        
        Immunity to
        EMI and RFI
        
        Immunity to
        electrical hazards
        
        Media and
        connector issues
        
        1 more item...
      - Fiber-optic
        Cabling
        
        10 Mb/s - 100 Gb/s
        
        Relatively high
        (1 - 100,000 meters)
        
        High
        (Complete immune)
        
        High
        (Complete immune)
        
        Highest
        
        1 more item...
- - - - interference signal
      - what the computer reads
      - pure digital signal
      - digital signal with interference
    - - conducts electrical signals very well but it has its limitation
      - cable type with shielding or twisting of the pairs of wires are designed to minimize signal degradation
      - data travels on copper cables as small pulses of electrical voltage cause it easily distorted by outside noise and signal attenuation
    - - used in Ethernet LANs
      - eight wires twisted into four color-coded pairs and then wound inside a cable jacket
      - colored pairs identify the wires for proper connection at the terminals
  - - - category 3 cable (UTP)
        
        Used for voice communication
        
        Most often used for phone
        lines
      - Category 5 and 5e cable (UTP)
        
        Used for data transmission
        
        Cat5 supports 100 Mb/s and can support 1000 Mb/s, but it is not recommended
        
        Cat5e supports 1000 Mb/s
      - category 5 cable (UTP)
        
        Used for data transmission
        
        An added separator is between each pair of wires allowing it to function at higher speeds
        
        Supports 1000 Mb/s - 10°Gb/s, though 10 Gb/s is not recommended
      - COPPER MEDIA SAFETY
        
        Cables must be connected correctly.
        
        Installations must be inspected for
        damage.
        
        Equipment must be grounded correctly.
        
        The separation of data and electrical power cabling must comply with safety codes.
    - - RJ-45 UTP Plugs
      - RJ-45 UTP Socket
      - Good connector - Wires are untwisted to the extent necessary to
        attach the connector.
      - Bad connector - Wires are exposed, untwisted, and not entirely covered by the sheath.
    - - Ethernet Straight
        through
        
        Both ends T568A or both ends T568B
        
        Connects a network host to a network device such as a switch or hub.
      - Ethernet Crossover
        
        One end T568A, other end T568B
        
        Connects two network hosts
        
        Connects two network
        intermediary devices (switch to switch, or router to router)
      - Rollover
        
        Cisco proprietary
        
        Connects two network
        intermediary devices (switch to switch, or router to router)
    - - UTP Testing Parameters
        
        crosstalk
        
        wire map
        
        cable length
        
        signal loss due to attention
  - - - Fiber Media Cable Design
        
        Strengthening material
        
        Surrounds the buffer, prevents the fiber cable from being strecthed when it is being pulled
        
        used is often the same material used to produce bulletproof vests
        
        Cladding
        
        Made from slightly different chemical than those used to create the core
        
        to act like a mirror by reflecting light back into the core of the fiber
        
        keeps light in the in the core as it travels down the fiber
        
        Buffer
        
        Used to help sheild the core and cladding from damage
        
        Jacket
        
        PVC jacket that protects that fiber against abrasion, moisture and other contaminants
        
        This outer jacket composition can very depending on the cable usage
        
        Core
        
        This core is the light tranmission element at the center of the optical fiber
        
        This core is silica or glass
        
        Light pulses travel through the fiber core
      - Types of Fiber Media
        
        Multimode
        
        Single Mode
      - Network Fiber Connectors
        
        Fiber Optic Connectors
        
        LC connectors
        
        ST connectors
        
        SC connectors
        
        Duplex Multimode LC connectors
        
        Common Fiber Patch Cords
        
        SC-SC Multimode Patch Cord
        
        LC-LC Single mode Patch Cord
        
        ST-LC Multimode Patch Cord
        
        SC-ST Single mode Patch Cord
      - Testing Fiber Cables
        
        Optical Time Domain reflectometer (OTDR)
      - Fiber versus Copper