Chapter 2 Part 1

Basic Principal of The Physical Layer Standard.

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Open Standards

encourage interoperability,competition,and inovation

Vendor-neutral,non-profit organizations established to develop and promote concept of open standard

example ICANN,ITU,IEEE

Internet Standards

Internet Society(ISOC)

Promotes open development and evolution of Internet use globally

Internet Architecture Board(IAB)

Management and development of Internet standards

Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF)

Develops,updates,maintans Internet and TCP/IP technologies

Internet Research Task Force(IRTF)

Focused on long-term research related to Internet and TCP/IP Protocols

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers(ICANN)

Coordinates IP address allocation and management of domain names

Internet Assigned Number Authority(IANA)

Manages IP address allocation,domain name management, and protocols identifiers for ICANN

Electronics and Communications Standard Organizations

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE0

Dedicated to advance technological innovation and creating standards in a wide area including networking

Electronics Industries Alliance(EIA)

Related to electrical wiring,connetors,and networks racks

Telecommunications Industry Association(ITA)

Radio equipment,cellular towers,Voice over IP(VoIP) devices,and satellite communications

International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector(ITU-T)

Video compression,Internet Protocols Television(IPTV),and broadband communications

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Chapter 2 Part 2

Network Fiber Connectors(cont.)

Fiber Optic Connectors

ST Connectors

SC Connectors

LC Connectors

Dupliex Multimode LC Connectors

Common Fiber Patch Cords

SC-SC Multimode Patch Cord

LC-LC Single-mode Patch Cord

ST-LC Mutimode Patch Cord

SC-ST Single-mode Patch Cord

Testing Fiber Cables

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer(OTDR)

Fiber versus Copper

Bandwidth supported use UTP Cabling 10 Mb/s - 10 Gb/s and 10 Mb/s - 100 Gb/s Fiber-optic Cabling

Distance use UTP cabling Relatively short(1-100 meters) and Relatively high(1- 100,000 meters) Fiber-optic Cabling

Immunity to EMI and RFI use UTP Cabling Low and High(Immune) Fiber-optic Cabling

Immunity to electrical hazards use UTP Cabling Low and High(Immune) Fiber-optic Cabling

Media and Connector costs use UTP Cabling Lowest and Highest Fiber-optic Cabling

Installation skills required use UTP Cabling Lowest and Highest Fiber-optic Cabling

Safety precautions use UTP Cabling Lowest and Highest Fiber-optic Cabling

Network Interface Card(NIC)

  • Hardware component, without which a computer cannot be connected over a network.
  • It is also called network interface controller, network adapter or LAN adapter.

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Have two types of Network Card :

  1. Internal Network Card
  2. External Network Card

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Internal Network Card

  • motherboard has a slot for the network card where it can be inserted.
  • It requires network cables to provide network access.
  • Have two types of Internal Network Cards :
  1. Peripheral Component Interconnect(PCI)
  2. Industry Standard Architecture(ISA)

External Network Cards

  • External network cards are of two types:
  1. Wireless
  2. USB based.
  • Wireless network card needs to be inserted into motherboard, however no network cable is required to connect to the network.
  • They are useful while traveling or accessing a wireless signal.

Coaxial Cable

  • Used as a transmission line for radio frequency signals.
  • Its applications include feedlines connecting radio transmitters and receivers to their antennas,computer network connections.
  • The electromagnetic field carrying the signal exists only in the space between the inner and outer conductors.

Layer of coaxial cable :

  • Outer Jacket
  • Braided Copper Shielding
  • Plastic Insulation
  • Copper Conductor

Coaxial Connector

  • Bayonet Neill-Concelman(BNC)
  • Threaded Neil-Concelman(TNC)
  • N Type
  • F Type
  • Subminiature Version B(SMB)

Copper Media Safety

  • The separation of data and electrical power cabling must comply with safety codes.
  • Cables must be connect correctly.
  • Installations must be inspected for damage.
    • Equipment must be grounded correctly.

Fiber Media Cable Design

Jacket

  • Typically a PVC jacket that protects the fiber against abrasion, moisture, and other contaminants.

Core

  • The light transmission element at the center of the optical fiber.
  • Types of core :
  1. Silica
  2. Glass

Buffer

  • Used to help shield the core and cladding from damage.

Cladding

  • It tends to act like a mirror by reflecting light back into the core of the fiber.
  • This keeps light in the core as it travels down the fiber.

Strengthening Material

  • Prevents the fiber cable from being stretched when it is being pulled.
  • The material used is often the same material used to produce bulletproof vests.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

A network interface card (NIC) is hardward component.

ypically a circuit board or chip and it can be installed on a computer so that it can connect
to a network.

NICs are designed for use with either wired or wireless network.

On-Board NICs, via an expansion slot or peripheral bus

Wireless NICs, which contain antennas to send
and receive signals wirelessly.


Fiber Media Cable Design

Core

Cladding

Buffer

Strengthening Material

Jacket

Typically a PVC jacket that protects the fiber.

Used to help sheild the core and cladding from damage.

The core is actually the light transmission element at the center of the optical fiber

It tends to act like a mirror by reflecting light back into the core of the fiber and keep the light in the core as it travels down the fiber.

The material used is often the same material used to produce bulletproof vests.

Types of Fiber Media

Single Mode

Produce single path for light

Less dispersion

Suited for long distance application.

Small core

Uses lasers as the light source

Connectivity device

e) ROUTER

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Router is a multiport connectivity device that directs data between nodes on a network.

Routers can integrate LANs and WANs running at different transmission speeds and using a variety of protocols.

Layer 3 (Network Layer) of OSI model

f) WIRELESS ACCESS POINT (WAP)

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Wireless Access Point (WAP) that allows a Wi-Fi compliant device to connect to a wired network.

Mobility.

WAP is differentiated from a hotspot, which is the

physical location where Wi-Fi access to a WLAN is available.

Connectivity Device

Repeaters

Hub

operate in the Physical layer of the OSI model-no means to interpret the data they retransmit

One input and output port - receiving and repeating
a single data stream.

Repeater allows you to extend a network
inexpensively.

A repeater with more than one output port.

Accepts signals from a transmitting node and
repeats those signals from transmitting node and repeats those signals to all other connected nodes in a broadcast fashion

Hubs were replaced by routers and switches.

Bridges

Bridges are devices that connect two network segments by analysing incoming frames and making decisions about where to direct them based on each frame’s MAC address.

They operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model.

Switches

Switches are connectivity devices that subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces, or segments.

Traditional switches operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model.

Because they have multiple ports, switches can make better use of limited bandwidth and prove more cost
efficient than bridges.

Modern switches can operate at Layer 3 or even Layer 4.

UTP Cabling Standards

Category 3 Cable (UTP)

2021-10-09 (7)

Used for voice communication

Most often used for phone lines

Category 5 and 5e Cable (UTP)

2021-10-09 (8)

Used for data transmission

Cat5 supports 100Mb/s and can support 1000 Mb/s but it is not recommended

Cat 5e supports 1000Mb/s

Category 6 Cable (UTP)

Used for data transmission

2021-10-09 (9)

An added separator is between each pair of wires allowing it to function at higher speeds

Supports 1000Mb/s - 10Gb/s , though 10Gb/s is not recommended

UTP Connectors

2021-10-09 (11)

Bad connector

Wires are exposed , untwisted , and not entirely covered by the sheath .

Good connector

Wires are untwisted to the extent neccessary to attach the connector

Type of UTP Cable

Ethernet Straight - through

Rollover

Ethernet Crossover

Standard

Both ends T568A or both ends T568B

Application

Connects a network host to a network device such as a switch or hub

Standard

One end T568A , other end T568B

Application

Connects two network hosts

Connects two networks intermediary devices
( switch to switch , or router to router )

Standard

Cisco proprietary

Application

Connects a workstation serial port to a router console port , using an adapter

Testing UTP Cables

UTP Testing Parameters

Wiremap

Cable length

Signal lost due to attenuation

Crosstalk