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NETWORK ACCESS - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Repeaters
        
        operate in the Physical layer of the OSI
        model-no
        
        One input and output port - receiving and repeating
        a single data stream
        
        allows you to extend a network
        inexpensively
      - Hub
        
        repeater with more than one output port
        
        accepts signals from a transmitting node and repeats those signals to all other connected nodes
        
        hubs were replaced by routers
      - Bridges
        
        devices that connect two network
        segments
        
        operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model
      - Switches
        
        connectivity devices that subdivide a
        network into smaller logical pieces, or segments
        
        operate at the Data Link layer of
        the OSI model
        
        better than bridges
      - Router
        
        multiport connectivity device that directs
        data between nodes on a network
        
        can integrate LANs and WANs running at
        different transmission speeds
        
        Layer 3 (Network Layer) of OSI model
      - Wireless Access Point (WAP)
        
        allows a Wi-Fi
        compliant device to connect to a wired network
        
        Mobility
        
        differentiated from a hotspot
      - Modem
        
        Modulation = Convert either digital signal to analog signal
        
        Demodulation = Convert either analog signal to digital signal
      - Network Interface Card (NIC)
        
        a hardware
        component, typically a circuit board or chip ( installed on a computer so that it can connect to a
        network )
        
        designed for use with either wired or
        wireless network
        
        Wireless NICs, which contain antennas to send
        and receive signals wirelessly
        
        On-Board NICs, via an expansion slot or
        peripheral bus
- - - - Interoperability, competitiveness, and innovation are all aided by open standards. Standards organisations are typically non-profit, vendor-neutral organisations dedicated to the development and promotion of open standards.
    - - INTERNET SOCIETY - promotes open development and evolution of internet use globally
      - INTERNET ARCHICTECTURE BOARD (IAB) - management and development of internet standard
      - INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE (IETF) - develops , updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies
      - INTERNET RESOURCE TASK FORCE (IRTF) - focused on long term research related to internet and TCP/IP protocols
      - INTERNET CORPORATION FOR ASSIGNED NAMES AND NUMBERS (ICANN) - coordinates IP address allocation and management of domain names
      - INTERNET ASSIGNED NUMBERS AUTHORITY (IANA) - manages IP address allocation , domain name management , and protocol identifiers for ICANN
    - - INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS (IEEE) - dedicated to advancing technological innovation and creating standards in a wide area of industries including networking
      - ELECTRONIC INDUSTRIES ALLIANCE (EIA) - standards related to electrical wiring , connectors and network racks
      - TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION (TIA) - standard for radio equipment , cellular towers , voice over IP (VoIP) devices , and satellite communication
      - INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION-TELECOMMUNICATIONS STANDARDIZATION SECTOR (ITU-T) - standard for video compression , internet protocol television (IPTV) and broadband communications
- - - - Pure digital signal
      - Inteference signal
      - Digital signal with inteference
      - What the computer reads
    - - conducts electrical signals very well but it has its limitation
      - data travels on copper cables as small pulses of electrical voltage cause it easily distorted by outside noise and signal attenuation
      - cable type with shielding or twisting of the pairs of wires are designed to minimize signal degradation
    - - used in Ethernet LANs
      - eight wires twisted into four color-coded pairs and then wound inside a cable jacket
      - colored pairs identify the wires for proper connection at the terminals
    - - UTP Cabling Standards
        
        Category 3 cable UTP
        
        use for voice Communication
        
        Most often used for phone line
        
        Categoy 5 and 5e Cable (UTP)
        
        Used for data transimission
        
        Cat5 supports 100 mb/s and can support 1000 mb/s but is not recommend
        
        Cat 5e support 1000 mb/s
        
        Category 6 cable (UTP)
        
        Used for data transmission
        
        An added separator is between is pair of wires allowing it to funtion at higher speeds.
        
        Support 1000 mb/s - Gb/s though 10 Gb/s is not recommended
      - RJ-45 UTP Plugs
      - RJ-45 UTP Socket
      - Bad Connector and Good Connector
      - Types of UTP Cable
- - - - Multimode
        
        Larger core than single mode cable
        
        Suited greater dispersion and therefore, loss of signal
        
        Suited for long distance applications, but shorter than single mode
        
        Uses LEDs as the light source
        
        Commonly used with LANs or distances of a couple hundred meters within a campus network
  - - - Fiber Optic Connectors
        
        ST Connectors
        
        SC Connectors
        
        LC Connector
        
        Duplex Multimode LC Connectors
      - Common Fiber Patch Cords
        
        SC-SC Multimode Patch Cord
        
        LC-LC Single-mode Patch Cord
        
        ST-LC Multimode Patch Cord
        
        SC-ST Single-mode Patch Cord
    - - Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)