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CHAPTER 2:NETWORK ACCESS, MARK, MARK, MARK, 2.1.4, MARK, MARK, Category 3…

- - - - • REPEATER more than one ouput port
      - • Acrepeats those signals to all other connected nodes in
      - • Broadcast fashioncepts signals from a transmitting node
      - Limited features and the fact that
      - Merely repeat signals within a single collision
      - • Domain, hubs were replaced by route
      - c.BRIDGES
        
        • Devices that connect two network segments
        
        • Analysing incoming frames and making decisions
        
        • Direct them based on eachframe’s MAC address.
        
        • Operate data Link layer of the OSI model
        
        d.SWITCHES
        
        • Onnectivity devices that subdivide a network into smaller logical pieces, or segments
        
        • Operate at Layer 3 or even Layer 4.
        
        • Multiple ports
        
        • Better use of limited bandwidth
        
        • More costefficient than bridges.
    - - e. Router
        
        Router is a multiport connectivity device that directsdata between nodes on a network
        
        Routers can integrate LANs and WANs running at different transmission speeds and using a variety of protocols.
        
        Layer 3 (Network Layer) of OSI
        
        f. Wireless Access Point (WAP)
        
        Wireless Access Point (WAP) that allows a Wi-Fi compliant device to connect to a wired network
        
        Mobility
        
        WAP is differentiated from a hotspot, which is the physical location where Wi-Fi access to a WLAN is available
        
        g. Modem
        
        Stand for Modulation and Demodulation
        
        Convert either digital signal to analog signal (modulation) and analog signal to digital signal (demodulation)
      - Andriana
        
        i. Network Interface Card (NIC)
        
        A network interface card (NIC) is a hardware component, typically a circuit board or chip, which is installed on a computer so that it can connect to a network.
        
        NICs are designed for use with either wired or wireless networks.
        
        On-Board NICs, via an expansion slot or peripheral bus
        
        Wireless NICs, which contain antennas to send and receive signals wirelessly.
        
        Natalie
        
        OPEN STANDARDS
        
        Encourage
        
        Interoperability
        
        Competition
        
        Innovation
        
        Standards organization
        
        usually vendor-neutral
        
        non-profit organizations established to develop and promote concept of open standards
        
        INTERNET STANDARDS
        
        Internet Society (ISOC)
        
        promotes open development and evolution of internet use globally
        
        Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
        
        management and development of internet standards
        
        Internet Engineering Task force (IETF)
        
        develops, updates, and maintains internet and TCP/IP technologies
        
        Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
        
        focused on long-term research related to the internet and TCP/IP protocols
        
        Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Number (ICANN)
        
        coordinates IP address allocation and managementof domain names
        
        Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA)
        
        manages IP address allocation, domain name managment, and protocol identifiers for ICANN
        
        ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATIONS STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
        
        Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
        
        Electronics Industries Alliances (EIA)
        
        Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
        
        International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T)
  - - - A .REPEATER
        
        B.HUB
        
        C.BRIDGES
        
        D.SWITCHES
        
        E. ROUTER
        
        F. WIRELESS ACCESS POINT(AP)
        
        1 more item...
    - - Repeater operate in the physical layer of the OSI model-no means to interpret the data they retransmit.
      - one input and output port-receiving and repeating a single data stream.
      - repeater allows you to extend a network inexspensively
- - - - used for data tranmission
        
        an added separator is between each pair of wires allowing it to function at higher speeds
        
        supports 1000mb/s - 10 Gb/s, though 10Gb/s is not recommended
      - used for data transmission
        
        Cat5 supports 100mb/s and can supports 1000mb/s but it is not recommended
        
        Cat5e supports 1000mb/s
      - used for voice communication
        
        most often used for phone lines
      - Testing UTP Cables
        
        UTP Testing Parameters:
        
        Wire map
        
        Cable length
        
        Crosstalk
        
        Signal loss due to attenuation
        
        Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable
        
        Coaxial Cable
        
        Copper Media Safety
        
        Separation of data and electrical power cabling must comply with safety codes.
        
        1 more item...
      - UTP CONNECTORS
        
        RJ-45 UTP Plugs
        
        RJ-45 UTP Socket
        
        Types of utp cables
        
        Ethernet straight - through
        
        both ends T568A or both ends T568B
        
        connects a network host to a network device such as a switch or hub
        
        application
        
        standard
        
        cable type
        
        Rollover
        
        cisco proprietary
        
        connects a workstation serial port to a router console port, using an adapter
        
        T568A
        
        T568B
        
        Ethernet crossover
        
        one end T568A, other end T568B
        
        connects to two networks
        
        connects to two network intermediary devices (switch to switch or router to router)
        
        bad connector
        
        wires are exposed, untwisted, and not entirely covered by the sheath
        
        good connector
        
        wire are untwisted to the extent necessary to attach the connector
  - - - COPPER MEDIA
        
        -conducts electrical signals very well but it has its limitation
        
        data travels on copper cables as small pulses of eletrical voltage cause it easily distorted by outside noise and signal attenuation
        
        cable type with shielding or twisting of the pairs of wires are designed to minimize signal degradation .
- - - - Open Standards
        
        Standards organizations are usually vendor-neutral,non-profit organizations established to develop and promote the concept of open standards.
        
        Open standards encourage interoperability,competition,andinnovation.
  - - - Buffer
      - Cladding
      - Jacket
      - Core
      - Strengthening Material