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Skeletal System, Hermione Muro-Meza, period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal System, Hermione Muro-Meza, period 1
Disorders
Osteomalacia
- bone poorly mineralized
- osteoid is produced, but calcium salts not adequately deposited
- results in soft, weak bone
- pain upon bearing weight
Rickets
- in children
- results in bowed legs & other bone deformities because bone ends are enlarged & abnormally long
- cause: vitamin D deficiency or insufficient dietary calcium
Osteoporosis
- dieases in which bone resorption exceed deposit
- matrix remains normal, but bone mass declines
- vertebral & hip fractures common
Paget's Disease
- excessive & haphazard bone deposit & resorption cause bone to grow fast & develop poorly
- occurs in spine, pelvis, femur, and skull
Differences
Female:
- smooth & less knobby
- pelvic bone is open, circular
- hip bone more outwardly flared
Male:
- broader shoulder
- a longer rib cage
- a smaller pelvic opening, narrower, heart-shaped
Movement
by Synovial
Joint
Gliding
- one flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
- ex: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between articular processes of vertebrae
Angular
- increase or decrease among between two bones
- movement along the sagittal plane
- include:
-flexion: decrease the angle of the joint
-extension: increase the angle of the joint
-hyperextension: movement beyond the anatomical position
-abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from the midline
-adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
-circumduction: involves flexion, abduction, extension, & adduction of limb; limb describes a cone in space
Rotation
- turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
-medial: rotation toward midline
-lateral: rotation away from midline
- ex: rotation between C1 & C2 vertebrae, rotation of humerus & femur
- supination & pronation: rotation of radius and ulna
-supination: palms face anteriorly
radius and ulna are parallel
-pronation: palms face posteriorly
radius rotates over ulna
- dorsiflexion & plantar flexion of foot
-dorsiflexion: bending foot toward shin
-plantar flexion: pointing toes
- inversion & eversion of foot
-inversion; sole of foot faces medially
-eversion: sole of foot faces laterally
- protraction & retraction : movement in lateral plane
-protraction: mandibloe juts out
-retraction: mandible is pulled toward neck
- elevation & depression of mandible
-elevation: lifting body part superiorly
ex: shrugging shoulders
-depression: lowering body part
ex: opening jaw
- opposition : movement of thumb
ex: touching thumb to tips of other fingers on same hand or any grasping movement
Joints
Fibrous Joints
- joined by dense fibrous CT
- no joint cavity
- most are immovable
Sutures
- rigid, interlocking joints of skull
- immovable joints join skull into one to protect brain
- synarthroses
Syndesmoses
- bones connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
- short fibers offer little to no movement
long fibers offer large amount of movement
- ex: interosseous membrane connecting radius & ulna
Gomphoses
- peg-in-socket joint
fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament
- ex: teeth in alveolar socket ( holds tooth in socket)
Cartilaginous Joints
- Bones united by cartilage
- No joint cavity
- Not highly movable
Synchondroses
- bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites bone
- all are synarthrotic(immovable)
- ex: temporary epiphyseal plate joints, cartilage of 1st rib with manubrium of sternum
Symphyses
- fibrocartilage units bone in symphysis joint
- hyaline cartilage, presents as articular cartilage on bony surfaces
- are strong amphiarthrotic(slightly movable) joints
- ex: intervertabral joints, pubic symphysis
Synovial Joints
- bones are separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
- all are diathrotic (freely movable)
- Include almost all limb joints
- characteristics: 6 general features, bursae and tendon, stability influenced by 3 factors, allow several movements, 6 different types
- articular cartilage
- joint cavity
- articular capsule
- synovial fluid
- reinforcing ligaments ( capsular, extracapsular, intracapsular)
- nerves & blood vessels
- fatty pads
- articular discs (menisci)
- types: plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball-and-socket
Bone Fracture Repair
- Fractures are breaks
- 3 classifications
-position of bone ends after fracture
-completeness of break
-whether skin is penetrated
- Repair, four major stages:
1. Hematoma Formation :
- torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma
- site is swollen, painful, & inflamed
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
- capillaries grow into hematoma
- phagocytic cells clear debris
- fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends
- fibroblast, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
-create cartilage matrix of repair tissue
-osteoblasts form spongy bone within matrix
- Bony Callus Formation
- within one week, mew trabeculae appear in fibrocartilaginous callus
- callus is converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy bone
- bony callus formation continues for about 2 months until union forms
4. Bone Remodeling
Bone Remodeling
- consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
-occurs at surfaces of both periosteum and endosteum
-remodeling units : packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
- Resportion is function of osteoclasts
-dig depressions or grooves as they break down matrix
-secrete lysosomal enzymes and protons (H+) that digest matrix
-acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
- osteoclasts also phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes
- bone deposit : new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Anatomy of the Long Bone
- all long bones have a shaft (diaphysis), bone ends (epiphyses), and membranes
- diaphysis: tubular shaft that forms long axis of bone
- epiphyses: end of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone internally
- articular cartilage covers joint surfaces
- between diaphysis and epiphyses is the epiphyseal line *
*- two membranes:
- periosteum: white double-layered membrane that covers external surfaces
- endosteum: delicate connective tissue membrane covering the internal bone surface
- fibrous layer: outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue
- osteogenic layer: inner layer abutting bone and contains primitive osteogenic stem cells, give rise to bone cells
Types of Bones
- divided into two groups
-axial skeleton
- long axis of body
- skull, vertebral column, rib cage
-appendicular skeleton
- bones of upper and lower limbs
- girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
1. Long Bone
- longer than they are wide
- limb bones
2. Short Bones
- cube-shaped bones (in wrist & ankle)
- sesamiod bones form within tendons (ex: patella)
- vary in size & number in different individuals
3. Flat Bones
- thin, flat, slightly curved
- sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
4. Irregular Bone
- complicated shapes
- vertebrae and hip bones
All Bones
Skull
-
- parietal
- temporal
- maxilla : bone that holds upper teeth
- mandible : lower jaw
- zygomatic : cheek bone
- nasal : nose
Thoracic Cage
- sternum : breast bone
- costae: ribs
- scapula : shoulder blade
- clavicle : collar bone
Vertebral
- cervical : neck
-atlas
-axis
- thoracic: spinal column bones located in the chest area
- lumbar: spinal column located in the lower back
- sacrum : fused bone found at the end of spinal column
- coccyx : tail bone
- coxal bone: hip bone
- ischium* : posterior part of the pelvic bone
- pubis : anterior part of the pelvic bone
- ilium : upper part of the pelvic bone
- iliac crest : superior border of wing of ilium
Upper Limb
- humerus : funny bone
- ulna : lower arm bone
- radius : lower arm bone (thumb side)
- carpal : wrist bone
- metacarpal : hand bones
- phalanges : toes
- scapula : shoulder blade
- clavicle: collar bone
Lower Limb
- femur : thigh bone
- fibula : smaller lower leg bone
- tibia : shin bone
- tarsal : short bone in the foot
-calcaneus : heel
-talus : ankle
- metatarsal: midfoot bones
- phalanges : fingers
- patella : knee cap