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GROUP MEMBERSHIP: INTERCULTURAL BOUNDARY CROSSING, Aqilah Nuril Kaunain…
GROUP MEMBERSHIP: INTERCULTURAL BOUNDARY CROSSING
The Process of Acculturation and Enculturation
Acculturation
process is defined as the degree of identity change that occurs when an individual moves from a familiar environment to an unfamiliar one.
Enculturation
, on the other hand, often refers to the sustained, primary socialization process of strangers in their original home (or natal) culture wherein they have internalized their primary cultural values.
Individual-Level Factors
Having status as a permanent resident evokes a mixture of emotional and work-related stress. Immigrants often have more family worries and acculturation issues than do short-term sojourners.
Many immigrants uprooted themselves because of a mixture of “push”
motivational factors
(e.g., political, religious, and/or economic conditions) and “pull”
motivational factors
.
Cultural knowledge
and interaction-based knowledge about the host culture serve as critical factors in the process of adaptation.
Demographic variables
, such as age and educational level, have also been found to affect the success of adaptational effectiveness.
Systems-Level Factors
Systems-level factors are those elements in the host environment that influence newcomers’ adaptation to the new culture (Y. Y. Kim, 2005).
Three observations can be made with regard to adaptation.
First,
the host culture’s socioeconomic conditions influence the climate of adaptation (Puentha, Giles, & Young, 1987).
Second
, a host culture’s attitudinal stance on “cultural assimilation” or “cultural pluralism” produces a spill over effect on institutional policies (as well as on attitudes of the citizenry) toward.
Third
, local institutions (e.g., schools, places of work, social services, and mass media) serve as firsthand contact agencies that facilitate or impede the adaptation process of sojourners and immigrants.
Interpersonal Face-to-Face and Network-Level Factors
Face-to-face networks
(e.g., social networks)
Mediated contact
factors (e.g., mass media)
Interpersonal skills factors
Mass Media–Level Factors
Mass media play a critical role in the initial stages of adaptation.
Because of language barriers, immigrants tend to reach out to ethnic newspapers, magazines, radio, and TV programs when such media resources are available in the local community (Y.Y. Kim, 2005).
Aqilah Nuril Kaunain F041201036