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BIOMOLECULES - Coggle Diagram

- - - - chemical agent that increases the rate of reaction without being consumed
  - - - polypeptide
        
        covalent bhond between carboxyl group on one amino acid and amino group
        
        dehydration reaction
  - - - sequence of amino acids
      - dictates secondary and tertiary structure
      - linear
    - - chains that are repeatedly coiled/foiled in patterns that contribute to the shape
      - regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds of polypeptide backbone
      - helix
      - pleated sheet
    - - stabilized by interactions between side chains
      - overall shape of the polypeptide resulting in interactions in side chains
    - - association of two or more polypeptides
- - - - adinine
      - guanine
      - cytosine
      - thymine
    - - information encoded in DNA directs synthesis of proteins
      - mRNA interacts with cell's protein machinery to direct production of polypeptide
      - DNA > RNA > protein
  - - - adenine
      - cytosine
      - guanine
      - uracil
  - - - structure
        
        nitrogenous bases
        
        pyrimidine
        
        purines
        
        sugars
        
        deoxyribose
        
        ribose
      - condensation reaction
- - - - link due to glycosidic linkage
  - - - starch
        
        plants
      - glycogen
        
        animals
    - - cellulose
        
        plants
      - chitin
        
        anthropods
- - - - water molecules hydrogen-bond to one another and exclude the fat.
        
        ex. vegetable oil separates from vinegar
    - - all carbons in hydrogen tail are connected by single bond
      - maximizes number of hydrogen atoms in skeleton
    - - one or more double bonds between carbon in the hydrogen tail
      - reduces number of hydrogen atoms attached to carbon skeleton
      - trans fat
        
        formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils
    - - a gram of fat stores more than twice as much energy as a gram of a polysaccharide (starch)
  - - - precursor molecule for synthesis of other biologically important steroids (hormones)