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Torts - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Zone of Danger
      - Relative Bystander Test
      - Physical Impact Rule
    - - Joint & Several
        
        P & D(s)
        
        Multiple Ds
      - Market Share Liability
  - - - Burden of Proof
      - Res Ipsa Loquitur
        
        RTT P&E § 17 - Res Ipsa Loquitur
        
        Byrne v. Boadle - exclusive control of D
        
        RST § 328D - Res Ipsa Loquitur
        
        Ybarra v. Spangard - multiple Ds (surgery)
        
        Prosser Test
        
        Colmenares Vivas v. Sun Alliance Ins Co. - contract w/ agent
    - - Actual Cause (Cause-in-Fact/"But For" Cause)
        
        RTT P&E § 26. Factual Cause
        
        Reynolds v. Texas & Pacific Ry - slip-and-fall, D's conduct greatly increases chance of accident
        
        Zuchowicz v. United States - if negligence increased chance of harm, and harm occurs, D can be liable
      - Proximate Cause
        
        RTT P&E § 27. Multiple Sufficient Causes
        
        Foreseeability
        
        Berry v. Sugar Notch Borough - coincidence
        
        Brower v. NY Central & HRR - foreseeable third party intervening act
        
        In re Polemis - proximate cause if damage was foreseeable, even if type was not (directness test-no human act)
        
        RTT P&E § 29 - Limitations on Liability
        
        NY Central RR v. Grimstad - not proximate cause if it wouldn't have changed outcome
        
        Kingston v. Chicago & N.W. Ry - burden shifted to D if proximate cause is likely
        
        Summers v. Tice - burden shifted to Ds if multiple Ds' negligence could have caused injury
        
        RTT P&E 28. Burden of Proof
        
        Market Share Liability (see Special Liability)
        
        Causal Connection (Ryan v. NY Central RR - too remote)
        
        Wagner v. International RR - danger to rescuers
    - - Foreseeability
        
        Stone v. Bolton - cricket field/reasonably foreseen
        
        Bolton v. Stone - remote risk/reasonable man
        
        Blyth v. Birmingham Water Works - ordinary care, not extraordinary
        
        Palsgraf
        
        Cardozo - Zone of Danger/Forseeable
        
        Andrews - substantial factor test
        
        A.W./C.B. v. LPS - Risk-Utility test for foreseeability
      - Affirmative Duties/Failure to Act
        
        Misfeasance, Nonfeasance
        
        Good Samaritan/Strangers
        
        RTT P&E § 39 - Prior Conduct
        
        Montgomery v. National Convoy & Truck Co. - duty to warn/harm created
        
        Special Relationships
        
        RTT P&E § 40 - Duty based on special relationship
        
        Hurley v. Eddingfield - no duty to treat for doctors
        
        Kline v. 1500 Mass. Ave - landlord/tenant
        
        Tarasoff v. Regents of U of C - psychiatrist/patients' victim
        
        RTT P&E § 41 - special relationship w/ person posing risks
        
        Owners and Occupiers
        
        Buch v. Armory Manufacturing Co. - trespassers
        
        Robert Addie & Sons v. Dumbreck - categories of invitee, licensee, trespasser
        
        Rowland v. Christian - Duty to warn
        
        Gratuitious Undertakings
        
        Coggs v. Bernard - Liability as bailee
        
        Erie RR Co. v. Stewart - reasonable reliance
        
        RTT P&E § 42 - reliance
        
        Moch Co. v. Renselaer Water Co. - general benefit
  - - - Objective Standard
        
        Brown v. Kendall - first "due care" negligence case in U.S.
        
        Rylands v. Fletcher - unreasonably cause damage to another's property
        
        Vaughan v. Menlove - reasonably prudent man, not subjective
      - Subjective Standard
      - Exceptions
        
        Hammontree v. Jenner - seizure/sudden illness
        
        Breunig v. AmFam Insurance - Insanity/ability to foresee danger
    - - B<PL
      - United States v. Carroll Towing
    - - Medical Malpractice
        
        Lama v. Borras - preponderance of evidence
        
        Murray v. UNMC - delayed treatment/insurance
        
        Canterbury v. Smith - informed consent
        
        Custom, breach, cause
      - Mayhew v. Sullivan Mining Co. - exceptionally dangerous business practices
      - The T.J. Hooper - nearly universal safety practices
      - Titus v. Bradford, B. & K. R. Co. - reasonably safe/ordinary risks
    - - RTT § 15 - excused violations
      - Osborne v. McMasters - specific duty of care
      - RTT § 14 - negligence per se
      - Martin v. Herzog - contributory negligence
      - RST § 286 - when adopted
      - Uhr v. East Greenbush Sch. Dist. - public services
  - - - Gyerman v. United States Lines Co. - D has burden of proof
      - RTT § 4 - Proof of P's Negligence & Legal Causation - burden on D to prove
      - Beems v. Chicago, Rock Island, & Peoria RR - P can recover if harmed by D's negligence, even if P contributed
      - Derheim v. N. Fiorito Co. - No contributory negl. if P not responsible for accident (seat belts)
      - Butterfield v. Forrester - no recovery if P didn't use ordinary care
      - RST §§ 479-480 - Last Clear Chance
    - - Lamson v. American Axe & Tool Co. - employee/known risk
      - Murphy v. Steeplechase Amusement Co. - obvious risk, acceptance of danger
      - Primary/Secondary
    - - Joint & Several Liability between P and D(s)
      - NE Comparative Negl. Statute § 25-21, 185
- - - - Single vs. dual
        
        Single: did the act cause harm?
        
        Dual: was the act done with the intent to cause harm?
      - Transferred Intent
      - Vosburg v. Putney - unlawful intention
      - RTT: Liability for Physical and Emotional Harm
  - - - Express
        
        Fraud
        
        Duress
        
        Mistake
      - Implied
        
        Emergency/ Necessity
        
        Mohr v. Williams - medical consent
        
        Ploof v. Putnam - necessity/personal property
        
        Vincent v. Lake Erie Transportation Co - compensation for damaged property
        
        Athletic Contests
        
        Mutual Consent to Combat (Hudson v. Craft)
    - - Courvoisier v. Raymond - reasonable belief
      - Bird v. Holbrook - spring gun traps not self-defense
    - - Policy: liability to incentivize caretakers
      - McGuire v. Almy - insane person held to same standard
  - - - Assault
        
        Tuberville v. Savage - intention + act
        
        I. de S. and Wife v. W. de S - recovery w/o physical harm
        
        RTT: Intentional Torts to Persons
        
        Johnson v. Morris - Qualified Immunity
      - Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress
        
        "Extreme and outrageous"
        
        Wilkinson v. Downton - IIED is a tort
      - Battery
        
        RTT - 1) intent to cause contact 2) affirmative conduct causes contact 3) contact causes harm/is offensive 4) no consent
        
        Morgan v. Johnson - no intoxication defense for intentional torts
        
        RST - 1) intent to cause harmful/offensive conduct 2) harm results
        
        Offensive Battery
        
        RST § 18 - intention to harm/offend but no harm results
        
        Alcorn v. Mitchell - Vindictive damages
      - False Imprisonment
        
        RTT:IT § 7 - apparent consent
        
        Coblyn v. Kennedy's Inc. - merchant defense
        
        "All Four Walls"
    - - Elements
        
        remain on land
        
        fail to remove a thing under duty to remove
        
        enter land
      - Dougherty v. Stepp - unauthorized intrusion = trespass
- - - - Burden of Proof on P
      - Defenses
        
        Contributory Negligence
        
        Assumption of Risk
      - D may have Duty to Warn
      - Oberdorf v. Amazon - proper defendants/sellers
    - - Defect in design (negligence)
        
        Campo v. Scofield - open and obvious danger
        
        VW v. Young - crashworthiness
        
        Risk-Utility/Reasonable Alternative Design
      - Duty to Warn (negligence)
        
        Hood v. Ryobi - consumer/intervening alteration
        
        Air & Liquid Systems v. DeVries - foreseeable use
        
        MacDonald v. Ortho Pharm. - duty to warn for drugs
      - Manufacturing defect (SL)
        
        Speller v. Sears - substantial factor
        
        RTT PL § 3 - inferences