SEPERATION METHODS - Minnah Bucheeri 10S
FILTRATION
CHROMATOGRAPHY
EVAPORATION
SIMPLE DISTILLATION
WHAT IS FILTRATION: Filtration would be the separation of suspended solid matter from a liquid by forcing it to pass through the pores of a filter. The filtrate is the liquid that has passed through the filter. Paper, fabric, cotton-wool, asbestos, slag- or glass-wool, unglazed pottery, sand, or other porous material can be used as filters.
DAILY LIFE EXAMPLES: In our daily life we apply the process of filtration in many ways.
We brew coffee powder in hot water after filtering the liquid coffee is the filtrate and the large particle or coffee dust remains as residue.
Nowadays vacuum cleaners are used with attached filters to soak the dust inside.
When a mixture of sand and water is filtered:
The sand stays behind in the filter paper (it becomes the residue)
The water passes through the filter paper (it becomes the filtrate)
WHAT IS EVAPORATION: Evaporation is the process of converting a liquid to its vapor at a temperature lower than the liquid's boiling point. The water level does not change if the water is kept in a closed container since the water vapor molecules do not have an opportunity to escape into the surroundings.
DAILY LIFE EXAMPLES: In our daily life we apply the process of evaporation in many ways.
Drying our clothes under the sun
Evaporation of paint nail remover
Drying of wet hair
EXAMPLE: For example, copper sulfate is soluble in water – its crystals dissolve in water to form copper sulfate solution. During evaporation, the water evaporates away leaving solid copper sulfate crystals behind.
WHAT IS CHROMATOGRAPHY: Chromatography is a process for separating components of a mixture. To get the process started, the mixture is dissolved in a substance called the mobile phase, which carries it through a second substance called the stationary phase.
The different components of the mixture travel through the stationary phase at different speeds, causing them to separate from one another. The nature of the specific mobile and stationary phases determines which substances travel more quickly or slowly, and is how they are separated. These different travel times are termed retention time.
DAILY LIFE EXAMPLES: In our daily life we apply the process of chromtography in many ways.
Creating vaccinations. Chromatography is useful in determining which antibodies fight various diseases and viruses.
Drug Testing
FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION
WHAT IS SIMPLE DISTILLATION A method of separating mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture.
Simple distillation is used to separate salt from seawater, to separate sugar from water and to separate ethanol from water in the production of hard liquor.
DAILY LIFE EXAMPLES: In our daily life we apply the process of simple distillation in many ways.
Every pure substance has its own particular melting point and boiling point. One way to check the purity of the separated liquid is to measure its boiling point. For example, pure water boils at 100°C. If it contains any dissolved solids, its boiling point will be higher than this.
WHAT IS FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION: Fractional distillation is used when separating mixtures of liquids whose boiling points are different
DAILY LIFE EXAMPLES: In our daily life we apply the process of fractional distillation in many ways.
Fractional distillation is used in several industries like oil refineries and chemical plants mainly for purification and separation of many organic compounds.
For example, liquid ethanol can be separated from a mixture of ethanol and water by fractional distillation. This method works because the liquids in the mixture have different boiling points. When the mixture is heated, one liquid evaporates before the other.