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Localisation of Function - Coggle Diagram
Localisation of Function
The localisation of function refers to how specific functions have specific locations within the brain.
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Motor Cortex
- Responsible for the generation of voluntary movements.
- Located in the frontal lobe of the brain.
- Both hemispheres of the brain have a motor cortex - operate in a contralateral fashion.
Different parts of the motor cortex exert control over different parts of the body. However, they are arranged logically... meaning... the part that controls the foot is next to the part that controls the leg.
Somatosensory Cortex
- It detects sensory events that arise from different parts of the body.
- It is located in the parietal lobe along a region called the postcentral gyrus - this is an area of the cortex dedicated to processing the sense of touch.
- It uses sensory information from the skin, the somatosensory cortex produces sensations of touch, pressure, pain and temperature with it then localises to specific body regions.
- Both hemispheres have a somatosensory cortex but info is received from opposite sides.
Visual cortex
- It is located in the occipital lobe of the brain.
- The process begins in the retina.
- The Area V1 which is in the occipital lobe is responsible for visual perception. Damage to Area V1 leads to no vision of any kind.
- Visual cortex spans both hemispheres - right hemisphere receives input from the left hand side of the visual field and visa-versa.
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Auditory centre
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- The area lies within the temporal lobe on both sides of the brain.
- Auditory pathways begin in the cochlea in the inner ear.
- Sound is converted to nerves impulses which travel via the auditory nerve to the auditory cortex in the brain.
- By the time it reaches the auditory cortex, the sound has largely been decoded by it is recognised and may result in an appropriate response.
- Information from the right ear goes primarily to the left hemisphere however, some is transmitted to the left auditory cortex and visa-verse.
If the auditory cortex is damaged, it does not lead to total deafness, sounds can still b heard but providing they do not need complex processing like music.
Broca Aphasia
It is the partial loss of an individual's ability to produce language, both written and spoken. Comprehension generally remain intact.
Broca's Area
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- Located in the left hemisphere.
- It is responsible for language processing and speech production.
- Not all words are affected equally in this area when this area of the brain is damaged.
- Noun and verbs are relatively unaffected in this area in some patients with damage to the Broca's area)
- Other classes of words like prepositions and conjunctions cannot be spoken.
For example:
People with Broca' aphasia cannot read out load the sentence "to be or not to be" but can read "two bee oar knot two bee" - Gardner and Zurif 1975
CAN UNDERSTAND BUT STRUGGLE TO SPEECH IT, OFTEN SPEAK SLOW AND IN AN INARTICULATE WAY
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Wernicke's Aphasia
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Wernicke's Area
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- This is a sperate area for language and processing - seems to have a specific function.
- Wernicke found that patients with damage in an area close to the auditory cortex has specific language impairments. - these included, the inability to comprehend language and anomia - this is struggling to find a work they need.
- However, Wernicke found these individuals did have fluent speech when they could access the words quickly.
- The are mainly seen as important for understanding language and accessing words.
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Language centres area
Wernicke proposed that language involves separate motor and sensory regions in different cortical regions
Motor region (in Broca’s area) is close to the area that controls the mouth, tongue, vocal cords
Sensory region (in Wernicke’s area) is close to regions of the brain responsible for auditory and visual input → input transferred to Wernicke’s area where it is recognised as language and associated with meaning
Arcuate fasciculus → neural loop running between Broca’s (production of speech) and Wernicke’s areas (processing of spoken language)
Hemispheres
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Left
Language
Logic, analysis, problem solving
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