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Ch:1-2 - Coggle Diagram
Ch:1-2
Ch 1.1
Anatomy
The word "anatomy" comes from a Greek root that means “to cut apart.”
Scientific study of the body's structures
Ch: 1.2: Structural Organization of the Human Body(6 levels of structural organization,11 organ systems)
Tissue Level
A community of similar cells form a body tissue
Ex:connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial tissues
Organ system level
Two or more organs work closely together to perform the functions of a body system.
Ex: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous,endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive
Chemical Level
Subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, electrons), atoms, elements,
Ch:2.1- 2.2 The Chemical Level of Organization
Elements(Ex: Oxygen (O))
Common Elements the Body Needs (Oxygen 65%, Carbon 18%, Hydrogen 10%, Nitrogen 3%, Others)
Compounds (Ex:HCI )
Molecule (Ex:O2)
Atoms (no charge)
Ions (charged)
If it lost electron then (+) or cation (Ex:Calcium (Ca2+))
If it gained electron then (-) or anion (Ex:chlorine (Cl–))
OBJECTIVES
Chemical Bonds
Hydrogen Bonds (Ex:
)
Covalent Bonds (Ex:
)
Ionic Bonds (Ex:
)
Polar Covalent Bonds (Ex:
)
Organ level
Two or more different tissues combine to form an organ.
Ex: Smooth Muscle + Skeletal Muscle = Bladder
Organism level
Many organ system work harmoniously together to perform the functions of an independent organism
Ex: Human
Cellular Level
A variety of molecules combine to form the fluid and organelles of a body cell
Ex: Red blood cells, motor neurons,white blood cells
Ch:1.6 Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Position (starting position)
supine (face up orientation)
prone (face down orientation)
Directional Terms
Anterior(front)
The toes are anterior to the foot.
Posterior(back)
molars are posterior to the front teeth
Superior(above)
forehead is superior to the nose
Inferior(below)
stomach is inferior to the lung
Lateral(side)
lungs are lateral to the heart
Medial(middle)
head is medial to the arm
Proximal(close to origin)
elbow is proximal to the wrist
Distal(farthest from origin
wrist is distal to shoulder
Deep(farther from the surface of the body)
skin is deep in relation to the heart
Superficial(towards the surface)
skin is superficial to the skeleton
Body plain(imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body)
Frontal/Coronal(Anterior and Posterior)
Transverse(Upper and Lower)
Sagittal(Left and Right)
Physioogy
The way in which a living organism or bodily parts function
Physiologists is typically specialize in a particular branch of physiology.
Ex: Neurophysiology is the study of the functional properties of neurons, glia, and networks.
Ch:1.3 Energy
Functions for Consuming Food to use as Energy
Build & Maintain your body structures
Fuel for Movement
Sustain Body Functions
Ch: 2.4 Inorganic Compounds Essential for Human Functioning
Water
Source of Strength and Nourishment
Lubricant and a Cushion (Body joints,serves to cushion cells & organs from physical trauma)
Heat Sink (Absorbs heat)
Component of Liquid Mixtures (Universal Solvent)
Salt
Balance Fluid Levels(t's good for people with low blood pressure, but it's bad for people with high blood pressure.)
Essential for Nerve and Muscle Function (Allows nerve impulses to travel throughout the body. Quickly contracts and relaxes muscles)
Maintain Blood Pressure(Mostly found in the blood and the fluid surrounding the cells.)
pH
At a pH of approximately 7.4, all cells in the body rely on homeostatic acid–base balance regulation.
Breathing
Excretion of chemicals in urine
Internal Chemical Release of “Buffers” into body fluids (Buffers help maintain a constant pH and can lower or raise pH if it is too high or too low.)
Ch:2.5 Organic Compounds Essential for Human Functioning
Carbohydrates(“Saccharides” = “sugars”)
Disaccharides(ex:sucrose)
Polysaccharides(ex:cellulose)
Monosaccharides (Ex:GLUCOSE, Glucose breaks down into ATP)
Proteins
critical components of all tissues and organs
Function
Protects underlying tissues(bone)
Component of functional chemicals(hormone)
Help to regulate pH in the body by acting as excellent buffers.
Repairs and builds body tissue(muscle tissue)
Keep your immune system strong, transport and store nutrients and can act as an energy source
Proteins & Shape
The shape is determined by the amino acids bonded together and the shape determines the function
Alpha Helix(hydrogen bonds that form bridges between amino acid strands keep the spiral shape.)
Tertiary Structure(folded into compact 3D shape.)
Primary Structure(linear)
Quaternary Structure(largest, forms from two or more tertiaries. )
Proteins & Enzymes
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
Speeds up further reactions
Bind and then go find a new partner to change
The binding of substrates and enzymes is symbolic of a door and key.
Electrical charge needed
A particular shape is needed
Nucleotides
DNA(4 bases→Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine)
Nucleotide that stores genetic information
RNA(4 Bases→Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil)
mRNA(Messenger)
tRNA(Transfer)
rRNA(Ribosomal)
22,000 genes in DNA, 46 chromosomes (23 from mom and 23 from dad)
Lipids “Fats”
Triglycerides (While resting or doing low-level physical activity, this is the body's main fuel source.)
assists in the absorption and transport of vitamins
acts as insulation to retain body heat1
protects and cushions the body’s bones and internal organs
Unsaturated(liquid at room temperature)
Ex:vegetable oil
Saturated(solid at room temperature)
Ex:butter
Anabolism
assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
Catabolism
breaking down of more complex molecules into simpler molecules
Metabolism
sum of all of the body’s chemical reactions
Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism
Basal Metabolic Rate: BMR
the number of calories your body needs to accomplish its most basic (basal) life-sustaining functions.○Women:
ATP (adenosine triphosphate): Chemical Currency for Energy
Chemical compound used by EVERY cell in yourbodyfor energy
Ch: 2.3 Chemical Reaction
Energy in chemical reactions
Kinetic Energy (ex:Walking & Running)
Chemical Energy(ex: Coal)
Potential Energy (ex:A raised weight.)
Key Factors to speed things up
Temperature
occur at a faster rate at higher temperatures.
Increases in thermal energy increase the kinetic energy of subatomic particles(protons, neutrons, electrons)
The particles move faster at higher temperatures, increasing their chances of colliding and reacting.
Concentration & Pressure
Vol (+) → Press (-) AND Vol (-) → Press (+)
chemical reactions speed up with decreased volume and increased pressure
Enzymes & catalysts
Catalysts(ex:heat, Silver)
Enzymes (ex:Pepsin, produced in the stomach)
Enzymes decrease the activation energy required for a given chemical reaction to occur.)
Ch:1.5 Homeostasis
Any process that living things use to actively maintain fairly stable conditions necessary for survival.
Through Set points (normal range) in the body
Negative feedback (homeostatic mechanism that wants to reverse or take away the body’s
current physiological condition, typically by removing the stimulus.)
Sensor (reports a monitored physiological value to the control center)
Control (compares values to their normal range)
Effector (cause a change in a value in order to bring the system back into its normal range)
Stimulus (anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change)
Ex: Blood pressure
Stimulus: Blood pressure increase
Sensor: receptors in carotids
Control: Brain
Effector: decrease heart rate
Positive feedback (mechanism that intensifies a
change in the body’s physiological condition
in response to a stimulus)
stimulus
sensor
control
Effector
Ex: Climate change
Stimulus: warming
Sensor: Earth's temperature increase
Control: Ice melt
Effector: Less of sun's radiation reflected by the ice
