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Policies and Programs for ELD - Coggle Diagram
Policies and Programs for ELD
Historical Context
English is not the official language of US
Bilingual education was fairly common throughout the 18th and early 20th Cent.
Linguistic Restrictionism
Policy or practice to limit or outlaw use of language other than English
Less focused on language itself, but more so on people who use it
EX: Japanese-language schools closed in HI and CA after WWII
Policies
Federal Policies
Only until 1960s that Fed govt. became involved in enforcing educational policies throughout the country, starting with the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA)
Although some policies have been controversial and subject to criticisms, here are some that have been implemented in the past 50 years
Title VII Bilingual Education Act
: Provided federal support for bilingual and ELL families through competitive grants
No Child Left Behind
: Emphasized accountability through standards and high-stakes testing
Every Student Succeeds Act:
Federal Education Funding and sets official federal education policy with specific requirements related to instruction, assessment, accountability, and other educational issues
Title I and Title III
State Policies
Common Core Standards Initiative (CCSS): Common language arts and mathematics standards for states to voluntarily adopt
Bilingual education is stronger in some states than others
Components of ELL Instruction
Heteroglossic perspective views bilingualism as the norm and treats the languages of bilinguals as co-existing
Home language instruction
The teaching of literacy or content-area instruction in the home language of ELLs
Sheltered Instruction:
Grade Level content-area instruction provided in English in a manner that makes it comprehensible to ELLs while supporting their English language dwvelopment
ESL is different in that the focus is on teaching English, not on academic content
Bilingual Strategies
: Use of translanguaging and other strategies for providing support for English language learners in their home language during language content-area instruction
Program Models for ELLs
Many different types. Administrators, general ed, and ELL teachers must collaborate to asses the needs to the ELL students to determine which program is best
Programs include:
Transitional Bilingual Education
Developmental Bilingual Education
Dual Language Programs
Pull-Out ESL Instruction
In-Class ESL Instruction
Sheltered English Immersion
Newcomer Programs
Submersion (Sink or Swim)