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Anatomy and Physiology Ch.1-2 - Coggle Diagram
Anatomy and Physiology Ch.1-2
Ch.1
Anatomy
To cut apart (form of a body)
Benefits of A&P
Career based
Self-care expert
Healthy Choices
Safety
6 levels of structural organization
Chemical Level
Composed of: subatomic particles, atoms, elements, molecules.
Molecules:chemical building blocks of all body structures
Protons & Neutrons:1 oxygen, 2 oxygen + 1 hydrogen
Cellular Level
Ex: red blood cell, motor neutrons, white blood cells
200+ types of cells in the human body.
Tissue Level
Groups of similar cells that perform a specific function
Ex: connective muscles, nervous, epithelial tissue
Organ Level
When 2+ tissue types combine, each organ performs one or more specific physiological functions.
Ex: stomach, liver, kidneys, brain
Organ system Level
Ex: respiratory, skeletal, muscular, etc.
Organism Level
All living being that has a cellular structure
Metabolism
Both anabolism and catabolism occur stimultaneously and continuously to keep you alive.
Anabolism: the process where by smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances.
Anabolic reactions are building reactions and theyt consume energy.
Catabolism: the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller molecules.
Catabolism releases energy.
Anabolism + Catabolism = Metabolism
Metabolism: the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body.
Ch.2
Ions
an atom that gains or loses an electon
It is now electrically "charged"If it lose e- then (+) or cation
If it gained e- the (-) or anion
Chemical Reactions
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
Chemical Energy
Inorganic Compounds Essential to Life
Water: 70% of body weight
Salt: recall that salts are formed from ions forming ionic bonds.
Concept of pH
Breathing
Excretion of chemical in urine
Internal Chemical Release of "Buffers" into body fluid
Enzymes & Catalysts
a catalyst is like a bouncer. They can make the dance floor smaller with cones, or they can turn off the aircon to make it warmer.
Enzymes are types of bouncers. Some may be bigger and stronger, and some may be smarter and able to do more.
Nucleotides
chemical building blocks for RNA and DNA
DNA: Nucleotide that stores genetic information
Has 4 bases, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
RNA: convert the information started in DNA into proteins
Has 4 bases, Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
mRNA-messenger
tRNA-tranfer
rRNA-ribosomal
Homeostasis
Why? Our body wants to maintain internal balance despite what is going on externally or outside of your body.
How?
Through internal body
"Set Points"
Each bodily system from heart pressure, body temperature, nutrient levels, and energy levels has a point.
Around each "Set Point" is a
"Normal Range"
the body can fluctuate or change between two set points balance it self out.
Negative Feedback
Maintains the body set points within normal range through the following mechanisms.
Sensor: receptor
Homeostatic mechanism that wants to reverse or take away the body's current physiological condition, typically by removing stimulus.
Control: compares that information to the "set point", check for any deviations.
Effector: causes change to get the system back within it's normal range
Stimulus: anything that triggers a change outside of the normal range.
Positive Feedback
Mechanism that intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition in response to a stimulus.
Occurs when there is a definite end point.
Deviation form the "normal range" results in more change and the system moves further away from the "set point".
Stimulus: muscle contractions of labor.
Sensors: stretch, send information to the brain.
Control: the brain tells the pituitary gland to release the hormone oxytocin into the blood stream.
Effector: oxytocin causes further and stronger contractions of the uterus.
Anatomical Terminology
Body Planes
Sections: two dimensional surface of three dimensional structure that has been cut.
Planes: imaginary two dimensional surface that passes through the body.
Sagittal: left and right
Frontal/ Coronal: anterior and posterior
Transverse: upper and lower
Proteins
Proteins & shape
The shape is determined by the amino bonded together and the shape determines the function.
Primary Structure: liners, muscles contractions
Alpha Helix: held in spiral shape by hydrogen bonds that form bridges between stands of amino acid.
3.Tertiary Structure: folded into concept 3D shape.
Quanternary Structure: largest, forms form two or more tertiaries.
Proteins are critical components of all tissue and organs.
Molecules composed of amino acid chains Ex: collagen, meninges, keratin