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Anatomy & Physiology, Bonds, summary - Coggle Diagram
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 1
Anatomy
the study of structure of the body
Gross (macroscopic) anatomy
"macro=large" is the study of the larger structures of the body, those visible without the aid of magnification
Microscopic anatomy
"micro=small" is the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification devices
Regional anatomy
the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system—that is, a group of structures that work together to perform a unique body function.
Systemic anatomy
the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region, such as the abdomen.
6 levels
Chemical level
Molecules are formed by atomic bond(three dimensional shape)
Combine to form cellular level
Cellular level
Human body structures all have cells. Functions are occurred in the cells.
example
Red blood cells, motor neurons,white blood cells
Combine to form tissue level
Tissue Level
Collection of similar cells that functions similarily
connective, muscle, nervous, epithelial tissues
Example
Combine to form organ level
Organ level
When two or more tissue type combine, all of them function
Example
Smooth Muscle + Skeletal Muscle = Bladder
Combine to form Organ system level.
Organ System Level
There 11 different types of organ systems in the body. Some of them have more than one.
Examples
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, nervous,endocrine, cardiovascular, urinary, reproductive
Combine to form organism
Organism level
Has a cellular structure that represent functions that are integral for life
vocabularies
Prone, Supine, Anterior/Ventral, Posterior/Dorsal, Superior/Cranial, Inferior/Caudal, Lateral, Medial, Proximal, Distal, Superficial and Deep
Example picture
Physiology
the branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts
Homeostasis
the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things.
All living thing try to maintain their internal balance in any situation
through internal body "Set points"
ideal value for a physiological functioning;the level for optimally healthful, that is, within its parameters of homeostasis
Each bodily system from heart pressure, body temperature, nutrient levels, and energy levels have a set point.
around set point is normal range
It is a range of values around the set point that do not cause a reaction by the control center
Feedbacks
Positive Feedback
sensors
stretch- sensitive nerve cells monitor the degree of the stretch.
a. send information to the brain.
control
The brain tells the pituitary gland to release the hormone oxytocin into the bloodstream.
effector
Oxytocin causes further and stronger contractions of the uterus.
Example
summary
Wants to intensify or increase the current the physiological condition
Deviation from the "normal range" results in more change and the system moves further away from the "set point".
Occurs when there is a definite end point.
Negative Feedback
Maintains the body set points with in normal range through the following mechanisms
Sensor
'receptor' monitors the environment, reports information to the control center. Similar to a snitch.
Control
compares that information to the "set point", checks for any deviations/changes from the "set point"
Effector
causes change to get the system back with in it's "normal range".
In a negative feedback loop, a stimulus- a deviation from a set point - is resisted through a physiological process that returns the body to homeostasis,
Energy
Catabolism :
Smaller or simpler substances form into the larger complex subtances
Example: Cell stores energy to make ATP
Anabolism
Larger complex substances breakdown into simpler or small substances,
ATP is broken down into energy.
Metabolism
Anabolism + Catabolism
Basal Metabolic Rate
the amount of calories that your body needed to use to maintain your sustaining life.
ex)Breaking down glucose
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
Every cell use this in your body for energy
First law of Thermodynamics
Energy can't be neither destroyed or created. The only thing energy can do is to change form
Basic functions
Fuels for movement
Sustain Body functions
Build and maintain your body structures such as cell production and processing nutrients
Chapter 2
Basic Chemistry Review
examples
DNA, RNA, Glucose
Proteins and Fats
Atoms
ions
anion
atom that has more electrons
Cations
atom that has less electron
it has the same number of proton and electron
Elements
Molecules
Formed by two or more atoms
Compounds
Two or more elements made up to form
A substance that cannot be broken down into other things
Chemical reactions
Energy in Chemical Reactions
Potential Energy
Concentration and Pressure
chemical reactions increases in decreased volume and increased pressure
Chemical Energy
Enzymes & catalysts
a material that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without causing it to speed up.
Enzymes lower the energy levels for reation
Kinetic energy
Temperature
higher temperature means that the rate of reaction increases
Its subatomic particle increases in response for thermal energy
Activation Energy
ENZYMES aid in the majority of chemical reactions in the body. Food decomposition, drug decomposition
Inorganic Compounds Essential for Human Functioning
Water
as a Lubricant and a Cushion
Body joints aid in the movement of food down the digestive tract, keep nearby organs from rubbing together, and protect cells and organs from physical stress.
as heat sink
Retains warm from chemical responses without significantly expanding in temperature.
Cools body by discharging warm through sweating
as a Component of Liquid Mixtures
Keep cells wet with “Universal Solvent,” a water-like solution.
Salt
assist to balance fluid levels
Use to keep the PH balance.
Necessary for both nerve and muscle function
PH
It tells how solutions are acidic or basic
Scale of 0-14, 0= acidic, 7 = neutral, 14 = basic
Example
Battery Acid & HCL pH → 0, Blood pH → 7.4, Sea Water pH → 8, Liquid Drain Cleaner pH → 14
Balance is P.H of 7.4
Helps what?
Internal Chemical Release of "Buffers" into Body Fluids.
Breathing
Chemical Excretion in Urine, and Internal Chemical Release of "Buffers" into Body Fluids
Buffers assist maintain a steady pH and can lower or raise pH if it is too high or too low.
Organic Compounds Essential for Human Functioning
Carbohydrates
Almost all living things use this as their energy
obtained from fruit, veggies and grains
referred as sugar
ex) glucose, basic form of fuel in all living things, including ALL body cells
it can be broken down into the ATP
Lipids
ex) fats, oils, waxes, certain vitamins (such as A, D, E and K),
Hydrophobic, it is not familiar with water
ex) Triglycerides, primary source of energy for the body while it is at rest or doing low-intensity physical activity
Details
Vitamin absorption and transport are aided by this supplement.
covers and cushions the bones and internal organs of the body
functions as an insulator to keep body heat in
Saturated
Increase the possibility of Heart disease
Unsaturated
Reduce the possibliity of Heart Disease
Protein and Shape
Tertiary Structure
Alpha Helix
Primary Structure
Functions
Keep your immune system healthy, transport and store nutrients, and function as an energy source by acting as great buffers to help regulate pH in the body (if needed)
Neurotransmitters, digestive enzymes, and hormones are examples of functional chemicals.
Collagen in the skin, bones, and the meninges that surround the brain and spine protect the underlying tissues.
Body tissue, particularly muscular tissue, is repaired and built.
Composed of Acid Chains
collagen, meninges, keratin
Quaternary Structure
Diagram
Substrate
Ex)
A substrate for fungus is rock, a page is a substrate for ink to cling to, and NaCl is a substrate for chemical reactions.
Nucleotides
examples
RNA
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Uracil
mRNA→ “Messenger”. tRNA→ “Transfer” . rRNA→ “Ribosomal”
DNA
Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine
Bonds
Polar Covalent Bonds
Happen when molecules share e-inconsistent. Districts on the atom have inverse charges, so there is an inconsistent draw.
Covalent Bonds
Commonly share electrons to keep the atom in near one another.
Hydrogen Bonds
It always include a hydrogen that is already part of a polar molecule.
Ionic Bonds
Electron gift to shape a bond and keep the atom in near one another
.
summary
Wants to reverse or take away the body's current physiological condition
Deviations from the "normal range" results in the system moving back towards the "set point"
Return body to a state of homeostasis and balance.
