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Health Inequality- WHO facts revision - Coggle Diagram
Health Inequality- WHO facts revision
General Inequality facts
Definition: Health inequalities are differences in health stays or in the distribution of health resources between different population groups, arising from the social conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age. health inequalities are unfair and could be reduced by the right mix of government policies.
Every day 16,000 children die before their fifth birthday
Martenal morality is a key indicator of health inequality
Tuberculosis is a disease of poverty
87% of premature deaths due to non communicable dieases occure in low and middle income countries
Life expectancy varies by 34 years between countries
There are alarming health inequalities within countries too- e.g African americans represent 13% of the American population but account for almost half of HIV infections
Health disparities are huge in cities- In London when travelling east from westminister, each tube stop represents nearly one year of life expectancy lost
Diabetes
about 422 million people worldwide have diabetes
In 2019, an estimated 1.5 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were attributable to high blood glucose in 2012
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a lack of insulin production and type 2 diabetes results from the body's ineffective use of insulin.
One third of diabetes is gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes is characterized by hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, with values above normal but below those diagnostic of diabetes, during pregnancy. Women with gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of complications during pregnancy and delivery. They and their children are also at increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the future.
Higher waist circumference and higher body mass index (BMI) are associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, though the relationship may vary in different populations.
Reports of type 2 diabetes in children – previously rare – have increased worldwide.
interventions include: blood glucose control through a combination of diet, physical activity and, if necessary, medication; control of blood pressure and lipids to reduce cardiovascular risk and other complications; and regular screening for damage to the eyes, kidneys and feet, to facilitate early treatment.
In general, primary health-care practitioners in low-income countries do not have access to the basic technologies needed to help people with diabetes properly manage their disease.
Access to essential medicines (including life-saving insulin) and technologies is limited in low- and middle-income countries.
HIV/AIDS
Infection results in the progressive deterioration of the immune system, breaking down the body's ability to fend off some infections and other diseases.
estimated 16% of people with HIV or 6.1 million people remain undiagonised aand dont know their infection status
WHO is recommending innovative HIV self testing and partner notification approaches to increase HIV testing services among undiagnosed people
an estimated 1.7 million children are living with HIV
In 2020 most of these figures live in sub saharan africa and were infected through transmission from HIV positive mothers
around 15,000 children became newly infected with HIV in 2020 globally
elimnation of mother to child transmission is becoming a reality
in 2020, 85% of all pregnant women living with HIV recieved antiretrovirals worldwide.
in 2015, cuba was the first country declared by WHO as having eliminated mother to child transmission of HIV snd syphilis
access to preventive interventions remains limited in many low and middle income countries
Malnutrition
etter nutrition is related to improved infant, child and maternal health, stronger immune systems, safer pregnancy and childbirth, lower risk of non-communicable diseases
About 1.5 million children die annually due to wasting
Wasting and bilateral oedema are severe forms of malnutrition - resulting from acute food shortages and compounded by illness.
Malnutrition contributes to disease and early deaths for mothers and children
Undernutrition, including vitamin and mineral deficiencies, accounts for about one third of all child deaths, and impairs healthy development and life-long productivity. At the same time, growing rates of overweight are linked to a rise in chronic diseases. The result is a double burden of malnutrition.
Healthy children learn better. People with adequate nutrition are more productive and can create opportunities to gradually break the cycles of poverty and hunger.
a key indicator of chronic mainutrition is stunting
stunting is when children are too short doe their age group compared to WHO child growth standards- about 155 million children are stunted (2016 figures) resulting from not enough food
Stunting rates among children are highest in Africaa and Asia- Eastern africa 37% were affected as of 2016 and 34% in southern asia
COVID-19
Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are facing both a health crisis and significant economic slow-down brought about by a collapse in commodity prices.
The high prevalence of malaria, HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malnutrition adds additional burdens for LDCs, especially as the pandemic is likely to coincide with peak malaria season in 2020.
1.6 billion of children saw their education disrupted.
The disruptions have been most severe in countries with the lowest human capital index to begin with, widening the gap with richer countries.
children in rural areas in low-income households with little-educated parents – were most affected by the learning disruptions.