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Defining and Measuring Crime and Criminal Justice - Coggle Diagram
Defining and Measuring Crime and Criminal Justice
Victimization Studies :silhouettes:
Fills in where police reports are missing by asking people if they have been a victim of a crime in a given year, reported or not.
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) is the primary source of information in the United States.
The NCVS fill in gaps that the UCR and NIBRS cannot because that data is only crimes known to police.
Approximately 135,000 households, composed of nearly 225,000 persons
Collects household property crimes .
Burglary, motor vehicle theft, and other theft) both reported and not reported to police.
Collects information on nonfatal personal crimes
Rape or sexual assault, robbery, aggravated and simple assault, and personal larceny
The NCVS collects information on...
Age, sex, race, Hispanic origin, marital status, education level, and income about whether they experienced victimization.
NCVS also collects information about the offender like...
Victim-offender relationship and characteristics of the crime
(time and place of occurrence, use of weapons, nature of injury, and economic consequences)
Whether the crime get reported to police, reason(s) the crime was or do not get reported, and victim experiences with the criminal justice system
Issues recalling victimization
Lead to underreporting or overreporting
Traumatized and get reported into the wrong year
May lie or omit information for various reasons such as...
Shame, fear, confusion, and a lack of trust
Self-Report Statistics :silhouette:
Stats that are reported by individuals
Gathered when people are asked to report the number of times they may have committed a particular crime during a set period in the past, regardless of getting caught or not
Monitoring the Future
Is a long-term study of behaviors, attitudes, values, and substance use among U.S. adolescents, college students, and adult high school graduates through age 60
Track substance use trends, identify emerging substance use problems, and inform national policy and intervention strategies
Each year, a total of approximately 50,000 8th, 10th, and 12th-grade students get surveyed
Annual follow-up questionnaires are mailed to a sample of each graduating class for some years after their initial participation
2018 survey is the dramatic increase in vaping by adolescents in which 2017 about the vaping of three specific substances (nicotine, marijuana, and just flavoring)
Great because they can help discover problems we were unaware of, such as vaping
Helps us identify...
Victimless crimes
Crimes to where there is no victim such as...
Drug use, gambling, and underage drinking
Uncover offenses that are not as serious such as...
Shoplifting (less likely to be known to police)
Limitations...
Respondents may...
Exaggerate or underreport their criminal behavior for various reasons
many students did not know that they committed illegal behavior until the statute was read, so they unknowingly committed a crime
Do not capture a large sample, may limit who gets the survey
Measuring Crime :
Total # of Crime committed is "dark figure of crime".
One Way of Measuring Crime is "COUNT"
Another Way is "Crime Rate" - expressed as number of crimes per people.
Official Data
gathered from criminal justice agencies and reflect crimes reported to those agencies (Police, etc. )
UCR (Uniform Crime Reports )
only known to police
Hierarchy rule
Limits: delay, discretion, crimes included, definition of crime
NIBRS (National Incident Based Reporting System
Supplements the UCR
Examines more characteristics of crime
weapon
location
drug presence
victim/ offender relationship
LEOKA (Law Enforcement Officers killed and Assaulted)
Helps keep law enforcement safe
Provides relevant, high quality, potentially lifesaving information to the police
Three Tier approach
Data collection
Research
Training
Crime In Washington
Violent Crime had increased for the second year in a row in 2016, though homicides decreased by 17%
Violent crime is still down dramatically when compared to the 70's and 80's
However, homicide crime is up by 48.57% between 2019 and 2020, from 35 to 52
The top 3 cities in Washington with the lowest crime index are Elmer, Colton, and Palouse. Lacey is 111 and Olympia is 151. Take that as you will.
This study was taken from 200+ cities in Washington State
A crime rate is calculated by dividing the number of reported crimes by the total population; the result is multiplied by 100,000
Lacey is placed at 111 with an index number of 44,031
Olympia is placed at 151 with an index number of 47,847
While homicide rates were up, overall violent crime rates in the city are actually slightly lower than the previous year: SPD recorded 4,580 violent crimes in 2020 compared to 4,673 recorded in 2019.
Sixty-percent of homicides were committed with a gun and most victims were males between the ages of 18-29 and 30-49.
"Queen Anne experienced the most property crimes of any Seattle neighborhood last year, followed by Northgate and Capitol Hill at second and third respectively."
Property crime in Emerald City had a slight increase. in 2019 the recorded number was 37,741. In 2020: 38,288