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Alter Elimination - Coggle Diagram
Alter Elimination
Urinary Dysfunction
Patency
Causes
Blockage of urinary structures
Duration of the obstruction
Acuity or chronicity of the condition
Degree of the obstruction (complete or partial)
Associated disease process
Ureteral Obstruction
blockage in one or both ureters
Diagnostic test
Urine analysis
MRI
CT
Ultrasound
Clinical manifestations
fever
difficulty urinating
pain in abdomen
UTIs
Cloudy or bloody urine
Treatment
depends on the reason for blockage
Treatment types
Alpha-blockers
Stent
Catheter in ureter, kidneys or bladder
Medication to shrink prostate
Perfusion
inadequate arterial blood supply that can result in ischemia or infarction
Causes
Damage to the renal structures
Embolism
Inadequate vascular volume
Associated disease process
Polycystic kidney disease
cysts replace functional renal tissue and obstruct perfusion
can lead to renal failure
Three categories
Genetic, autosomal recessive
Acquired
Genetic, autosomal dominant
Clinical manifestations
hypertension
headaches
flank pain
liver and pancreatic cysts
cardiac valvular disease
diverticular disease
Treatment
includes symptomatic care, strategies to promote renal function and supportive care during end stage renal disease
Treatment types
Lifestyle modification
Analgesics
Hypertension medication
Antibiotics
Dialysis
Surgery
Diagnostic test
Ultrasound
Neuromuscular function
may result in
Incontinence
Urinary retention
Causes
Muscle dysfunction
Exaggerated neuronal responses
Failure to provide a appropriate stimulus
Associated disease process
Urinary incontinence (Enuresis)
Inability to voluntarily prevent the discharge of urine
Classified into
Urge incontinence
Overflow incontinence
Stress incontinence
Functional Incontinence
Diagnostic test
Urodynamic testing
Endoscopic testing
Bladder stress test
Post residual volume (PRV)
Treatment
Reflects behavioral strategies, use of medication and surgery
Treatment types
Bladder training
Kegel exercises
Anticholinergic medication
Surgery
Burch procedure
Tension-free vaginal tape procedure (TVT)
Alterations of Motility
can promote
Stasis of urine in the bladder
Casts formation
causes
Dietary factors
low fluid intake
Associated disease process
Urolithiasis
Higher risk individuals
Gout
Hyperparathyroidism
Obesity
Gastric Bypass
Diabetes
Clinical Manifestations
Pain
Hematuria
nausea
vomiting
dysuria
Diagnostic Test
CT
Renal ultrasonography
Radiograph
Treatment
Involves supportive care including pain control
Treatment Types
Supplemental fluids
Calcium channel blockers
Antispasmodic agents
Alpha blockers
Surgery
Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)
Percutaneous nephrolithotomy
Bowel Dysfunction
Neuromuscular function
Causes
alteration in muscle responsiveness
alteration in neural signal transduction
Can be result from
peritonitis
abdominal surgery
spinal trauma
Associated disease process
Hirschsprung disease
nerve control is missing at the end of bowel which causes fecal stasis
Clinical manifestations
vomiting green fluid (bile)
swollen belly
constipation
mainly affects babies and infants
Diagnostic test
Rectal examination
X-ray
Rectal biopsy
Treatment
Aimed at relieving symptoms until surgery
Treatment types
Surgery
Pull through surgery
Ostomy surgery
Supplemental fluids
Antibiotics
Patency
bowel obstruction due to a space occupying lesion (partial or complete)
common space-occupying lesions
tumors
polyps
impacted feces
Associated disease process
Colon cancer
Clinical manifestations
rectal bleeding
weakness
diarrhea
fatigue
abdominal discomfort
Diagnostic test
Blood test
Colonoscopy
Biopsy
Treatment
Treatment types
Chemotherapy
Radiation
Targeted drug therapy
immunotherapy
Palliative care
Surgery
Ostomy
Partial Colectomy
Lymph node removal
depends on location of cancer, stage and other health concerns
Alterations in motillity
Can be
Decrease in motility
Increase in motility
Causes
Bacterial intestinal flora
Certain foods (irritants)
Associated disease process
Diverticular disease
Small sacs form along the wall of the colon
Can lead to
infection
herniation
Clinical manifestations
fever
nausea/vomiting
abdominal pain
Diagnostic testing
examination of stool for blood
blood culture
CT scan
Barium enema
Colonoscopy
Treatment
Goals include control infection, resting of the bowel and prevention of complications
Treatment types
Dietary management
Antibiotics
Anti-inflammatory therapy
Laxatives
Antispasmodic drugs
Surgery
Bowel resection
Colostomy