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Reading report #1 - Coggle Diagram
Reading report #1
Chapter #1
Constructivist approach :A learner-centeredapproach to learning that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing knowledgeand understanding with guidance from the teacher.
Direct Intruction approach: A structured,
teacher-centeredapproach characterized by teacher
direction and control, high teacher expectations for
maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum.
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Differentiated instruction: Involves recognizing
individual variations in students’ knowledge, readiness, interests, and other characteristics, and taking
these differences into account when planning curriculum and engaging in instruction.
Chapter #2
Development : The pattern of biological, cognitive,
and socioemotional processes that begins at conception and continues through the life span. Most
development involves growth, although it also eventually involves decay (dying).
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Chapter # 3
Ecological theory: Bronfenbrenner’s theory that
consists of five environmental systems: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem,
and chronosystem.
A
microsystem is a setting in which the
individual spends considerable time, such as the student’s family, peers, school, and
neighborhood.
The mesosystem involves linkages
between microsystems. Examples are theconnections between family experiences
and school experiences and between family and peers.
The exosystem is at work when experiences in another setting (in which the stu dent does not have an active role) influence what students and teachers experience in the immediate context.
The macrosystem involves the broader culture. Culture is a very broad term that includes the roles of ethnicity and socioeconomic factors in children’s development.
The chronosystem includes the sociohistorical conditions of students’ development.
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Nature-nurture issue: Nature refers to an organism’s biological inheritance, nurture to environmental influences.
Continuity-discontinuity issue: The issue
regarding whether development involves gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages
(discontinuity).
Early-later experience issue: The issue of the
degree to which early experiences (especially infancy) or later experiences are the key determinants of the child’s development.
Myelination: The process of encasing many cells in the brain with a myelin sheath that increases the
speed at which information travels through the nervous system.
Corpus callosum: Where fibers connect the brain’s left and right hemispheres.
Prefrontal cortex:The highest level in the frontalobes; involved in reasoning, decision making, and
self-control.
Amygdala: The seat of emotions in the brain.
Lateralization: The specialization of functions in
each hemisphere of the brain.
Schemas: In Piaget’s theory, actions or mental
representations that organize knowledge