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BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, DAMAGE & NEURO-PLASTICITY (CONT.) - Coggle Diagram
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT, DAMAGE & NEURO-PLASTICITY (CONT.)
brain damage
possible causes
tumors
closed headed injuries
infections
degenerative diseases
exposure to toxic substances
stroke/cerebrovascular accident
temporary loss of blood flow in brain
common in elder people
types
ischemia
common type
blood clot/obstruction of artery
hemorrhage
ruptured artery
ischemia & hemorrhage cause
edema
fluid accumulation in brain
tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)
breaks up blood clots
reduce effects of ischemic strokes
neuropsychological diseases
early stages of brain development are critical for normal development
mutation on one gene lead to many defects
chemical distortions in brain cause significant impairment & developmental problems
fetal alcohol syndrome
when mother drinks heavily during pregnancy
conditions
hyperactivity & impulsiveness
difficulty maintaining attention
facial abnormalities
motor problems & heart defects
dendrites of children are short with few branches
mothers smoke cigarettes/use cocaine during pregnancy
increase risk for ADHD
mothers use antidepressant during pregnancy
increased risk of heart problems
later mechanisms of recovery
diaschisis
decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage of other neurons
collateral sprouts
new branches formed by other non-damaged axons that attach to vacant receptors
denervation supersensitivity
heightened sensitivity to neurotransmitter after destruction of an incoming axon
can cause chronic pain
phantom limb
continuation sensation of an amputated body part
deafferentated limb
limbs that lost their afferent sensory input
plasticity after brain damage
brain damage survivors show subtle to significant behavioral recovery
mechanisms of recovery
new branching of axons & dendrites
reflection