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Law, Accountability, and Education - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Inattentive Type
        
        Mainly have trouble with focus and staying on task.
        
        Being forgetful.
        
        Not paying attention to detail.
        
        Losing things that are needed to complete tasks.
        
        Avoiding tasks that involve effort.
        
        Unable to follow or understand instructions.
      - Hyper-Active Impulsive Type
        
        Fidgeting
        
        Getting up often when seated.
        Talking too much.
        
        Blurting out.
        
        Interrupting.
        
        "On the go"
      - Combined Type
        
        This is the most common type of ADHD. People who have it expose symptoms of both the inattentive and hyper-active impulsive types.
- - - - • Dyscalculia-Affects a person’s ability to understand numbers and learn math facts.
      - • Dysgraphia-A specific learning disability that affects a person’s handwriting ability and fine motor skills.
      - • Dyslexia-A specific learning disability that affects reading and related language-based processing skills.
      - • Non-verbal learning disabilities-Has trouble interpreting nonverbal cues like facial expressions or body language and may have poor coordination.
      - • Oral/Written Language disorder and Specific Reading Comprehension Deficit-Learning disabilities that affect an individual’s understanding of what they read or of spoken language. The ability to express oneself with oral language may also be impacted.
      - • ADHD-A disorder that includes difficulty staying focused and paying attention, controlling behavior and hyperactivity.
      - • Dyspraxia-A disorder that includes difficulty staying focused and paying attention, controlling behavior and hyperactivity.
      - • Executive Functioning-Affects, planning, organization, strategizing, attention to details and managing time and space.
  - - - 1 in 4 Black boys with disabilities are suspended each year.
        
        “Significant Disproportionality in Special Education.” NCLD, 26 Jan. 2021, www.ncld.org/sigdispro/.
      - 1 in 10 White boys with disabilities are suspended each year.
    - - History-In 1973-LDA advocated for specific learning disabilities to be included as a category of disabilities in a bill signed into law that created the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA), also known as Public Law 94-142. EHA would eventually become the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA).
        
        Clouser, Posted byLauren. “A Timeline of Learning Disability History.” Learning Disabilities Association of America, 1 Jan. 1970, ldaamerica.org/a-timeline-of-learning-disability-history/.
        
        Resources**
        
        “Disability Rights Laws in Public Primary and Secondary Education: How.” ADA National Network, 22 Sept. 2021, adata.org/factsheet/disability-rights-laws-public-primary-and-secondary-education-how-do-they-relate.
        
        “Significant Disproportionality in Special Education.” NCLD, 26 Jan. 2021, www.ncld.org/sigdispro/.
        
        “Significant Disproportionality in Special Education.” NCLD, 26 Jan. 2021, www.ncld.org/sigdispro/.
        
        “Types of Learning Disabilities.” Learning Disabilities Association of America, ldaamerica.org/types-of-learning-disabilities/.
  - - - Laws-IDEA is a statute that mandates free appropriate public education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment (LRE) for students with disabilities eligible under IDEA
- - - - Asperger Syndrome
        
        A mild form of autism
        
        Still able to handle daily life autonomously
        
        Can talk about interests, but struggle socially
      - Pervasive Developmental Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS)
        
        More severe than Asperger's, but not as severe as Autistic Disorder
      - Autistic Disorder
        
        The most severe form of autism
        
        Unable to handle daily life autonomously
- - - - History:
        • Around 130 years ago, Rudolf Berlin, a professor and ophthalmologist, used the term dyslexia when referring to some of his adult patients who struggled with written words. Dyslexia means difficulty with words. It used to be called “Word-blindness” as well.
        • In 1925, between the wars, researched expanded in the US. Samuel Orton claimed that the difficulty with words was due to a “lack of cerebral dominance”. Although proved wrong, researched shifted to theories of possible cognitive development. Orton was the first researcher to propose for phonics instructions to those with dyslexia. In 1949 Orton society was established, today known as the International Dyslexia Association.
        • A lot of different organizations for Dyslexia were founded in 1970´s, dedicated to research and raising awareness. These organizations were key to push for legal recognition and protection by the governments
        • Controversy: With legal protection, a “middle-class” myth was also created: Middle class families were using this condition to explain their kids’ poor performance in school. This situation driven the “discrepancy diagnostic model”. A person is considered to have dyslexia if there was a considerable difference between reading age and IQ. This model created a myth, as it was discovered that dyslexia exists across intellectual abilities.
        • Difficulty: it was and it is still diagnosed mostly in children of wealthier socio economic groups (more awareness, economical capacity to paid for a diagnosis, spotting signs earlier). Because of the pressure of these parents of means and their funding support, research has been expanded, and doctors and psychologist were involved. Dyslexia was often criticized and claimed that it was an invention. Nowadays, more professionals and teacher can spot on early signs of dyslexia. https://dyslexiahistory.web.ox.ac.uk/brief-history-dyslexia#:~:text=It%20is%20130%20years%20since,no%20problem%20with%20their%20vision.
        
        Controversies:
        The definition is ambiguous. It can manifest different in different people, as happens with other hidden disabilities
        :Over diagnosis: some researchers have talked about dyslexia being a industry, and recently even a “crypto-pathology”, explaining that educational psychologist and remedial intervention are merely seeking lucrative benefits and trying to calm overly anxious parents.
        
        Dyslexia Laws:
        The IDEA list 13 conditions as eligible for special education, including SLD, and Dyslexia is considered a type of SLD. Cons: Dyslexia is not defined and protections are not described. In consequence, states provide discretionary services, but they all should provide the same level of support.
        States have Dyslexia laws, that aim to define the condition and provide more guidance on early screening, early intervention, professional development for teachers, preparation programs, accommodations and funding.
        States might also have handbooks that provide more detailed information regarding procedures to support students with Dyslexia.
        Most Dyslexia laws are passed due to the effort of parents.
        There are no Dyslexia laws in Hawaii, Idaho and Vermont.
        Sources:
        https://www.understood.org/articles/en/dyslexia-laws-what-they-are-and-how-they-work
        https://www.dyslexicadvantage.org/dyslexia-laws-2018/
      - Advancements in research
        Research shows that the use of technology can be beneficial for people with Dyslexia
        https://www.dyslexicadvantage.org/latest-research-advances-in-our-understanding-of-dyslexia-adhd-and-giftedness-premium/?cn-reloaded=1
        https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339916139_Use_of_Technology_in_Dyslexia_An_Analysis_of_Recent_Trends
        Elkonin Boxes is an evidence-based instructional method used with elementary
        children with reading difficulties to build phonological awareness by segmenting
        words into individual sounds: Website:
        https://www.readingrockets.org/content/pdfs/Phonics-Sound-Elkonin-Boxes.pdf
        Word lists such as Dolch Basic Sight Words or 1000 Instant Words contain high-
        frequency words used in reading materials.
        Website: https://www.k12reader.com/subject/vocabulary/fry-words/
        Imagine Learning is an online software program intended for use as a teaching tool for language and literacy. Students receive differentiated instruction on important skills critical to reading through engaging activities. Students begin by taking a computer-based placement test embedded in the program. Through a series of questions, information is gathered about the students' needs and knowledge gaps.
        The program then prescribes an instructional course, placing each student at the best starting point in various curriculum areas. Website: https://uurc.utah.edu/Educators/USBESoftware-ImagineLearning.php
        SuccessMaker is an adaptive, interactive multimedia online course that delivers supplemental reading instruction on students' instructional level, followed by remediation if students are assessed at less than 65 percent accuracy on responses to phonics, comprehension, or vocabulary items. Website: https://uurc.utah.edu/Educators/USBESoftware-SuccessMaker.php
        Reading Rockets is a helpful website that provides educators and parents with effective and research based strategies to help build and strengthen literacy skills in phonological awareness, phonics, oral fluency, vocabulary, comprehension, and writing. Website: https://www.readingrockets.org/strategies/audio_assisted_reading
        ReadWorks is an evidence-based website that provides educators and parents with reading comprehension and vocabulary resources, literacy articles, formative assessments and teacher guidance. Website: https://about.readworks.org/about.html
- - - - 1987: Definition revised.
        
        individuals with CD could not be diagnosed with ODD.
        
        added the criteria that oppositional behavior had to occur more frequently or more sever than others the same age or development
        
        1993 Authorization of existing datasets to study ODD and CD.
        
        Determined that ODD is a strong Predictor of CD
        
        Suggested that ODD and CD could be manifestations of the same disorder
        
        1994 Definition Revised.
        
        Listed 8 ODD symptoms an individual must exhibit 4 of the 8 for 6 months to receive a diagnoses
        
        2007: DSM-5 ADHD and Disruptive Behavior Disorders Work Group was formed.
        
        Determined that ODD and CD though related, are separate and individuals with CD could be diagnosed with ODD
        
        ODD studies in girls
        
        Clustering ODD into distinct facets (Anger, Defiant, Vindictiveness)
        
        2010 Girls Study.
        
        ODD under current definition is very rare in girls
        
        2010 Kolko and Pardinia Study.
        
        Different facets of ODD are strongly connected to future issues with behavior.
  - - - Appropriate Evaluation: Schools need to be equipped to recognize and document ODD symptoms.
      - Individualized Education Plan: A specific plan needs to be made for each individual with ODD. Helpful services may include in school group counseling, and the use of cognitive behavioral therapy approaches in the classroom.
      - Least Restrictive Environment: Students with ODD need to be in the general education classroom if at all possible.
      - Parent Participation: Parents need to be involved in the decisions made about educating their child.
    - - Schools are required to provide a Free appropriate education to all students regardless of disability as part of section 504 of the rehabilitation act. Students with ODD have severe behavioral issues that without protection, can easily lead to suspension and Expulsion. Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act may be used to help protect these individuals from suspension and expulsion.
- - - - The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (1975) requires public schools to make available to all eligible children with disabilities a free appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment appropriate to their individual needs (5)
      - Rehabilitation Act Section 504 prohibits disability discrimination at schools that get federal funding (including private schools). Schools meet these requirements by removing barriers to learning (6)
      - The Americans with Disabilities Act prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability by public entities, including public elementary, secondary, and postsecondary schools, regardless of whether or not they receive federal funds (7)
    - - IDEA Supports (6)
        
        Creates an individualized education plan (IEP) for eligible K-12 students
        
        Allocates for special education and related services to meet a student’s unique needs
        
        Provides accommodations (e.g. audiobooks, extra time) for K-12 students
        
        Requires that schools find and evaluate (at no-cost to families) kids who may have a disability
        
        Procedural safeguards to protect family rights
        
        Due process for resolving disputes between families and schools
      - Section 504 Supports (6)
        
        Free appropriate education in the least restrictive environment
        
        Provides accommodations (e.g. audiobooks, extra time) for K-12 students
        
        Procedural safeguards to protect family rights
        
        Due process for resolving disputes between families and schools
        
        Provides accommodations for college students
      - ADA Supports (6)
        
        Freedom from discrimination at private schools
        
        Access to places and programs that offer goods and services to the public, including websites, technologies, and various childhood government programs