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Qatar's History ; HIST121, FAMILY TREE, THIS IS NOT INCLUDED IN…

- - - - Hot, humid, and long summers with temperature reaching into the 50s. C.
      - Short, dry winters, which only last 3-4 months.
      - NW wind, the “Shamal” - winds that come in late summer and create dust storms.
  - - - Hadar: settlers (usually the minority)
        
        inhabitants of small coastal settlements (called towns or villages). Their mode of existence was
        pearl-diving and trading, fishing and sea transportation.
        
        Three tiny fishing villages: Huwaylah (dominated by al-Musallam), Fuwayrat (dominated by al-Sudan), and
        Doha (dominated by al-Thani and al-bin-Ali). Each village led by a shaykh and was autonomous.
      - Semi-nomads: bedu who lived a life of periodic movement and settlement
      - Nomads: bedu who were constantly migrating
        
        Famous bedu tribes: Al-Naim, al-Murrah, Bani Hajer, Ajman,
        Munasir, Hawajir, Bani Khalid.
      - A society divided into tribes
        
        Tribes are the units of political, social, and economic life
        
        Extended families called tribes run by a sheikh
        
        Tribes united and divide
        
        Sheikh, the ruler, depends on the cooperation of his tribesmen but does not have
        any formal and absolute authority
- - - - Written and oral remnants from the past (they are usually connected with the past)
      - Oral accounts
      - Government documents are a favorite source for historians since government keeps
        systematic records on everything. These are later stored in the state archive.
    - - Works based on primary sources : e.g. history books and journal articles, or
        collection chapters
      - Usually written by people not directly involved in the events they are studying, but
        rather reflecting on them using the kinds of primary sources stated above.
  - - - Preference for a certain viewpoint, topic, approach, focus, etc in writings of history by individuals/historians.
      - it can also be tied to prejudice, ethno-centrism, or racism
      - Sometimes bias can mean preference for the values of one own’s time period
    - - Historians are human beings and products of their times and values
      - They have their own identity: their own views and preference
      - They are stakeholders of a particular society or group and its interests
      - They have to articulate history using the language that they know, which in and of itself may be biased to the views/values of a particular
        society and culture. E.g. democracy – positive or negative change
    - - Know that there is a bias
      - Be up front about biases
      - Ask questions about the author of the history
      - Ask questions about the context of the history (including, when was it written?)
  - - - Emir’s Council (Dewan Amiri) Documents
        
        Decrees, protocols, Amiri Correspondences
        
        Records of Sheikh Jassim bin Muhammed Al-Thani (1878-1913)
        
        Records of Sheikh Abdullah bin Jassim al-Thani (1913-1949)
        
        Records of the Pre-GCC Nine-member Gulf Union (1968-70)
        
        The Dawaween (Ministries of the State)
        
        Ministry of Foreign Affairs
        
        Ministries Council and Shoura Council
        
        Registries, including the judicial system and its courts
        
        Archives, including the Ministry of Education and Finance (1960)
        
        Records: customs & ports, engineering & water, workforce
    - - Nationals archives of India, written in English, the British India government (and before them, the British East India company ) records on all interactions and observations of gulf
      - Ottoman archives in Istanbul (written in Ottoman Turkish), Ottoman interactions concerning Qatar and Gulf
      - Portuguese national archives (written in medieval Portuguese)
        Reports regarding Portuguese exploration of Gulf
- - - - Portuguese
        
         The major European power in the region before the British.
        Aimed to build a monopoly over Indian Ocean trade and the region’s trade links to the Far East.
        Portuguese came as crusaders, tried to convert Muslims to Catholic Christianity using violent and immoral methods.
        
         Portugal commanded the spice and silk route to India and trade in the Gulf throughout the 16th c. (about 100
        years)
        
        IMPACTS ON QATAR:
         Fired on unknown part of the peninsula. As a result:
        movement of tribes to the north and northwest.
         Increased stakes in the big power game over the Gulf: Persians, Ottomans, British.
      - Ottomans
        
        Expansion in the Gulf : to ward off the Portuguese
         1546: Ottomans take Basra
         1552: Ottomans take al-Ahsa
         During the 16th c., Ottoman rule was indirect due to hostility from tribes, the difficult environment, and war
        against the Safavids.
        
        LOCAL REVOLT AGAINST OTTOMANS:
        Revolt led by Ibn Ghurayr (Arair), 1670
         Expelled the Ottomans and gained control over al-Hasa and al-Qatif areas
         Establishment of al-Khalidi Emirate, with Mubarraz as
        the capital
         Lasts until the Wahhabi conquest in 1793
         Significance to Qatar?
      - British
        
        They Created a new trade route via Syrian desert linking
        Mediterranean to the Gulf and India, which thus increased Gulf's importance as a commercial zone in the 18th century, trading Cotton, silk, indigo, dye, tea
        
        The Ottoman defeat by the Bani Khalid gave the British an inroad
        into the Gulf.
        No prominent power opposed them neither at sea nor on the coasts
         Established their presence there in the 18th century.
- - - -  British struggled against aggressive Gulf tribes, which they called “pirates”
      -  These were Gulf Arab naval warriors and regional powers.
      -  Among them: the Qawasim (rulers of UAE today) and Rahmah bin Jaber who protected them.
      -  As a solution to this problem, the British navy defeated the Al-Qawasim at Ras al-Khaima in 1820.
      -  Then they turned to establishing the TRUCIAL SYSTEM or signing TREATIES OF TRUCE with other Gulf powers.
      - EXISTENCE OF PIRACY DROVE THE BRITISH TO START SIGNING TREATIES WITH GULF SHEIKHS IN 1820
      - The slave trade, which British abolitionists did not approve
      - Wars and hostility between local and regional Gulf powers, which threatened the Gulf waters
    - -  Became involved in Gulf politics and dominated the Gulf with their navy after 1820.
      -  All Gulf affairs to be managed by the POLITICAL RESIDENT and his POLITICAL AGENTS.
    - -  A buffer zone for British India
      -  In this sense, the Gulf played a similar role to other buffer zones: Burma, Afghanistan, and Iran
      -  The British thus needed the Gulf to be politically stable for their political and commercial interests
      -  A buffer zone and a communication line linking Europe and India.
    - -  British collaborating with Persia since 17th c.
      -  The Resident headquarters in Bushehr (western Irani coast) since late 18th century.
      -  The Resident was a British state title responsible for administrating Britain’s colonial interests in the Gulf
      -  This was the political headquarters of the British in the Gulf.
      -  The Resident answered to the East India Company Governor in Bombay, who was under the head of the Government of India, the Viceroy of Calcutta.
      -  British had their native political agents (Indians, Persians, Arabs) go to speak with the Arabs of the Gulf coast
      -  Sent to local areas of today’s UAE and Bahrain.
    - -  Signing treaties with Gulf tribal leaders, whereby the latter agreed to maintain stable and peaceful conditions, prohibit piracy, and slavery.
      -  The tribal leader who signed the treaty now also served as a sort of sheriff (policeman) for the area he controlled, ensuring that no one fought on the sea or attacked British ships, or posed any other threat to British interests.
      -  Foremost this system served British commercial and political interest, esp. a safe passageway for their caravans and ships along the India-Europe route
      -  The tribal leaders signed since it meant British-backed authority for them. They also expected British protection, but this was not put in the treaty.
    - - Terms of the 1820 Treaty
      - No more “plunder and piracy”
      - All ships must fly the flag of truce: red and white
      - No fighting with each other
      - No slave trading
      - Conclusion
        
         No end to war in Gulf
        
         No British protection
        
         Qatar not yet a trucial state.
        
         Seas controlled and regulated, but inland areas become spheres of autonomy
        
         Historic shift to importance of inland areas
        
         British left the state of inland areas to local powers/leaders.
        
         In Qatar, the Al-Thani were able to make their own politics so as to emerge as leaders, which was then recognized by the British.
  - - -  Saudi governor of Al-Hasa, Sulayman bin Ufaysan attacks Al-Khalifa, who controlled both Zubara and Bahrain.
      -  Saudis allied with Rahmah bin Jaber’s people against Al-Khalifa
      -  This marked the entry of Wahhabi Islam into the Qatari peninsula
    - -  Opportunism and preemptive move against Saudis
      -  Pretext that Al-Khalifa refused to pay Gulf toll at Hormuz.
      -  Al-Khalifa ruler fled to Zubara and became vassal (subordinate) of the Saudis
      - Bahrain now ruled by Omanis
    - -  Saudis, Al-Khalifa, and Qatari tribes attacked and conquered Bahrain from Omanis, 1810
      -  Reminds us of 1783, when Qatari tribes took it from the Persians !
      -  Al-Khalifa now controlled island under the Saudis and raised taxes for them, including from Zubara.
    - - Omanis return to attack the Saudis
      -  In alliance with Al-Khalifa, who wanted to restore their control over Bahrain.
      -  Al-Khalifa turned against the Saudis
      -  Saudis were a threat to Omanis, but were being weakened by Egyptian attack on Arabia
      - Omanis attacked Zubara and drove the Saudis out, 1811
      -  Zubara destroyed by Omanis.
      -  Khor Hassan destroyed by Saudis.
      - Omanis also drove the Wahhabis from Bahrain and captured the island, 1812
      -  Their rule over the Island did not last long, as Al-Khalifa later recaptured the Island.
      -  When he did so, he continued to control Zubara and other northern Qatari parts and collect a tax from the people there.
- - - -  Attacks Abu-Aynayn in Doha in 1828, and people of Bidda dispersed.
      -  Conflict against people of Huwailah
      -  Leader here is Isa bin Tariff, Sheikh of Al-bin-Ali tribe
      -  Major Qatari leader before Mohammed bin Thani
      -  Allied with the Saudis
      -  Abdullah Al-Khalifa attacked him, 3 Oct 1835 with 1,000 men.
      -  Saudis help Isa bin Tarrif, but they are defeated.
  - - -  A piedmont (area for launching attacks) against Bahrain
      -  Area of refuge for the losers of the conflict.
      -  Esp. Khor Hassan
  - - - Isa bin Tarif joins Mohammed bin Khalifa (Salman) in attack on Bahrain, 1842
      -  Qatari tribes like Abu Aynayn and Maadhids join
      -  Mohammed bin Thani of Fuwairit joins
      - Mohammed bin Khalifa becomes ruler of Bahrain
        
         Soon Qatari tribes turn against him as well.
        
         He suspects they are conspiring with his enemies
        
         They reconcile with Abdullah bin Ahmad Al-Khalifa, who finds refuge in Khor Hassan
    - - Battle of Umm Suwayya, 1847
        
         Mohammed bin Khalifa sent 1,000 men to surround Fuwairit
        
         Isa bin Tariff and Abullah bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa had force of 600 men
        
         17 Nov. 1847, Battle of Umm Suwayya near Fuwairit
        
         Isa bin Tariff killed along with 80 of his men.
        
         Abdullah bin khalifa defeated and flees to Najid.
        
         Mohammed bin Khalifa takes charge of Qatar.
        
         Attacks Bidda to punishes Al-bin-Ali, Isa’s tribe
        
         Maintains an Al-Khalifa wali (agent) in Doha-Wakra area.
  - - - Al-Thani come from the Maadhid tribe of Nejid,
      -  Founder of the Maadhid was Maadhid bin Musharraf, governor of the Jabrin oasis in central Arabia.
      -  The al-Thani claim descent from Bani Tamim tribe of central Arabia, since the Maadhid was a branch of this larger tribe.
      -  Migrated from SE of Qatar peninsula to al-Rowes and al-Zubara.
      -  Early 18th c. migrated to Qatar
      -  Thani bin Mohammed in Zubara
      -  Mohammed bin Thani (r. 1788-1878) in Fuwayrit
    - - Mohammed bin Thani comes to Doha after defeat at Battle of Umm Suwayya
      -  1848
      -  Economic and political reasons
      - Used diplomacy to survive:
        
         With Mohammed Al-Khalifa
        
         With Saudis
        
         With Abu-Dhabi tribes
  - - - Mohammed bin Thani and tribes of Doha and Wakra welcome him and turn against Ali Al-Khalifa (the wali), Saudis prepare for invasion of Bahrain
         Beginning of Al-Thani – Al-Khalifa conflict.
        
        results?
        
        In response, Mohammed bin Khalifa blockades Doha from the sea
        
         Appeals to the British for help
        
        British used the Saudi-Bahraini conflict to gain own foothold in Bahrain
        
        Al-Khalifa forced to sign a protectorate treaty in 1861
        
        British solve the conflict on a traditional tribal basis
        
         Al-Khalifa is the tax collector for Saudis and others in Bahrain and Qatar
        
         Al-Thani pays him and he pays Saudis
        
         Eventually he stopped paying Saudis but kept taking the payment from the Qataris.
        
         His wali, agent, is his political authority in Doha-Wakra area.
        
         Blockades Al-Hasa coast.
        
         Eventually British forbade the Saudis from making the attack
        
         Blockade against Doha continues as punishment, disrupting pearling.
  - - - The Wakra Incident of 1867
        
        Wali’s men attacked an al-Naim caravan in Wakrah market and Imprisoned its sheikh, Ali bin Thamer
        
        RESULTS:
        
        Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammad Al-Thani mobilizes Qatari tribes against the Al-Khalifa wali
        
         Wali flees to Khawr Hassan
        
         Mohammed bin Khalifa lured Sheikh Jassim to Bahrain and imprisoned him
    - - June 1868, Qatari tribes attack Bahrain on sea
      - Battle of Damsa (naval battle)
      - 60 ships sunk and 1,000 men killed.
      - Qataris imprisoned two big shaykhs of the Al Khalifa and exchanged them for Shaykh Jassim bin Mohammad.
  - - - Installed their own person as leader in Bahrain, Sheikh Ali.
        
         Ali agreed to imprison Mohammed bin Khalifa and to pay a fine of 100,000 German Crowns for Bahrain’s violation of Treaty of 1861.
      - Mohammad bin Khalifa joins the Abdullah faction in effort to overthrow Ali.
        
         The British defeated them both and sent them to exile in India
        
         Replaced Sheikh Ali with his son Sheikh Isa Al-Khalifa
  - - - The Treaty:
        
        Formal recognition of al-Thani’s authority and ability to govern the tribes of the Q
        peninsula, and his representation of Q people
        
        (the conditions of the treaty) Sheikh Mohammed bin Thani agreed to:
        
         to return to Doha, which he left during the attack
        
         to direct any disagreement with Bahrain via the Resident (brits)
        
         to refrain from maritime warfare and not to ally himself to Muhammad Khalifa.
        
         Continue paying zaka’ to al-Khalifa
        
         Allow Banyans (Indians) to trade in Qatar’s ports and cities under the protection of the British.
    - -  Al-Thani had a special status that was different from that of rulers of various Trucial states. As a result, he received new power.
      -  This marked end of al-Khalifa rule in Qatar and replacement with Al-Thani. A step toward independence.
      - The treaty was a milestone in evolution of Q:
         Qatar recognized as independent from Bahrain.
         Not until WWI would Great Britain enter into more formal agreements with Q.
      - The treaty marked the rise of Al-Thani and Q.'s development.
- - - - Sheikh Ahmed Al-Khalifa (Ahmed the conqueror)
        
        Abdullah bin Ahmed Al-Khalifa
        
        Mohammed bin Khalifa (Salman)
- - - - muhammad bin thani
        
        Sheikh jassim bin Muhammad Al Thani