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Social Psych - Coggle Diagram
Social Psych
Social Influence
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2. Informational influence: to reduce uncertainty
(think others have accurate knowledge) - use descriptive norms
Conformity:
adjustment of beliefs/attitudes/behaviours
to group's social norms as a result of group pressure
- Increases if more people, teens, peers can hear
- More in collectivist cultures
- Can be positive
Obedience: how people react when given order from authority
- Stanford prison - role/situation causes behaviour? No
- Milgram obedience - 65% continued to end
Norms: shared expectations / beliefs
about how we should think/feel/act
(define / differentiate groups)
Persuasion
e.g. reciprocity, opt out for organ donation with license
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Social Cognition
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Simplification
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Heuristics̉
- Representativeness: how similar to mental representation
- Availability: frequency based on how easily comes to mind
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Automatic vs Controlled
Automatic = efficient
Learned or innate
Prone to errors
e.g. chameleon effect, mimicry
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Definition
How thoughts / feelings / behaviour of individuals
influence and are influenced by
actual / imagined / implied presence of or interaction with others
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Focuses on relationships, groups, cultures
Uses naturalistic observation, surveys, focus groups, reaction times, longitudinal studies
Attitudes
Bias
Types
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Prejudice: emotional bias
Feeling, formed quickly
Subtle
Ambiguous
- In-group favouritism
- Social identity theory: favour in-group, distance out-group
- Self-categorised theory: also emphasises self as member
- Aversive racism: avoid out-group & own prejudice
Ambivalent
Stereotype Content Model: warmth + competence
C Low C High
W High Pity (disabled) Pride (in-group)
W Low Disgust (addicts) Envy (rich)
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Blatant
Conscious
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RWA (right wing authoritarianism): values
Follow authority, to unite & protect
Ostracism: ignoring / excluding
- negative outcomes + biological response of pain
Explicit vs Implicit
Explicit
May be unreliable - influenced by social acceptability, unaware, undecided
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Implicit
Use: measure controversial, stereotypes
Measure - inferred: reaction time, IAT, evaluative priming,
look at actions (e.g. recycling bin)
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Definition: opinions / feelings / beliefs
about a person / concept / group
- What
- Where from
- How change
Prosocial
Social / Situational
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Bystander effect:
- More people -> less help (diffusion of responsibility, social inhibition)
- BUT help if situation dangerous, perp present, cost is physical
Personality / individual
Gender - same amount of help
- Physical: men stronger (cost-benefit)
- Socialisation: men impulsive/active, women nurturing/supportive
Personality
- Agreeableness trait
- Prosocial personality orientation:
- Other-oriented empathy
- Helpfulness: behaviour
Evolutionary
- Kin selection: help blood relatives
- Reciprocal altruism: help to get help later
Egoistic
- Negative state relief model: help to feel better
- Arousal: cost-reward model: help to alleviate discomfort
Altruism
- Empathy-altruism model: willing to accept cost of helping
Definition:
one person in need,
another provides assistance
- Voluntary
- Valued by society
- We are likely to help
- Combination of factors - no 'best' theory
Other Areas
Attraction
e.g. first impressions, marriage/divorce, beauty, sex, stalking
Peace & conflict
e.g. war, conflict, reconciliation, why, how, costs / benefits