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Psych Disorders - Coggle Diagram
Psych Disorders
Depression
/ Bipolar (Mood)
Course
Usually 20s
Highly variable (40% none, 50% reoccur, 10% chronic)
Recovery - usually dissipates on own
Causal factors
Biological
: genetic, low dopa/sero/noreph, high BIS/low BAS
Psychological
: negative self-belief, low self-esteem, depressive attributional pattern, learned helplessness
Environmental
: childhood
Behavioural
: inactivity & aversive behaviour reinforced
Depression Definitions
MDD
(major depressive): intense sadness (
dysphoria
) and/or lack of ability to feel positive (
anhedonia
) - unable to function
Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)
: less intense, longer time
Depression
: frequency / intensity / duration of depressive symptoms out of proportion to situation
Depression - Characteristics / Symptoms
Mood -
negative mood state
- sadness, cannot enjoy
Cognitive -
depressive triad
- negative about self, world, future;
depressive attribution
- personal, stable, global
Motivational - loss of interest, drive, starting
Somatic - loss of appetite, energy, sleep, weight gain/loss
Bipolar Definitions
Hypomanic
: less severe than manic
Bipolar II
: hypomanic + depressive
Bipolar I Definition
: depression + mania (highly excited mood/behaviour)
Mania - Characteristics / Symptoms
Mood - europhic, grandiose
Cognitive - poor judgement, no limits
Motivational - hyperactive
Somtic - fast speech, less sleep
Course
Bipolar II
: 18yo, 90% reoccur
Bipolar II
: 20s, usually depressive first, more episodes over life, time between lessen with age, more severe / chronic depressive
Causal factors
Biological
: 10x among relatives, high BAS (strong assoc.)
Psychological
: high autonomy, standards, self-criticism
Suicide
Motives
: desire to escape, influencing others
Risk
: depressed, lethal plan, previous attempts
Schizophrenia
Characteristics
Misinterpret reality
Disordered thinking & language
Blunted / flat / inappropriate emotion
Disorganised behaviour
Withdraw, neglect grooming
Delusion
- false beliefs
Hallucinations
- false perceptions
Negative vs
positive symptoms
Positive
Addition of unusual
Delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech & thinking
Prior good functioning, better outcome
Negative
Absence of normal reactions
Loss of expression, motivation, speech
History of poor functioning, poor outcome
Causal factors
Biological
Genetic predisposition
-ve: neurodegenerative hypothesis (neural tissue destruction)
+ve: dopamine hypothesis (overactive dopamine)
Psychological
Psychoanalytic
: Retreat / regression from stress
Cognitive
: Defect in attentional filter / exec function
Environmental
Stressors
Vulnerability from childhood
Sociocultural
More in low socioeconomic
Social causation
: higher stress -> sch.
Social drift
: sch. -> lower functioning
Culture free
Definition
: severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion & behaviour; cognitive, behavioural, emotional dysfunctions - impaired occupational / social functioning
Subtypes
Paranoid
: delusions of grandeur & persecution
Disorganised
: confusion & incoherence, maladaptive behaviour
Catatonic
: motor disturbance (rigid or random/repetitive)
Residual
: past peak of condition
Undifferentiated
: 2+ of above
Removed from DSM-5: sub-types overlap, unstable, don't predict, can't be categorised -> optional specifiers
Personality
Disorders
Dramatic / impulsive
Antisocial
Histrionic
Narcissistic
Borderline
Anxious / fearful
Avoidant
Dependent
OCD
Odd / eccentric
Schizoid
Schizotypal
Paranoid
Causal factors
APD
Biological: genetic, brain (less arousal, more impulsivity)
Psychosocial: psychoanalytic - low superego, cognitive - no long term thinking
Environmental: modelling from parents & peers
BPD
Biological: genetic, brain
Environmental: parenting/abuse/abandonment
General
Genetic & physiological
Psychoanalytic: no superego
Behavioural: aggressive models, no punishment
Dimensions
Behaviours / emotions / thoughts
rated on severity
DSM-5 Section III
Core features
Disturbances in self
Disturbances in interpersonal functioning
5 trait domains
Definition
: stable, enduring, ingrained, inflexible, markedly deviant ways of thinking, feeling, behaving
leads to distress / impairment
Characteristics
Onset in early adolescence / adulthood
2+ of cognitive, affective, interpersonal, impulse control
Diagnostic labelling
Social
Hard to label person (not behaviour)
Tend to stick
Adds to burden / distress
Self fulfilling prophecy
Stigma
BUT more support
Legal
Involuntary hospitalisation (against will, lose civil rights)
Competency
: at time of hearing
Insanity
: at time of crime (strict criteria)
Mental health considered for sentencing
Concepts
Reliability
: agree in diagnostic decision (observable)
Validity
: categories capture essential features
Pros
Improved reliability
Process lots of information
Ease of communication
Access to services / communities
Relief / clarity / understanding
Cons
Some (50%) don't fit in categories
Same diagnosis different behaviour, symptom overlap
No severity
No symptoms that are important but not severe
Somatic symptom
Cultural influence
Higher if emotions & psych disorders stigmatised
Western: higher in military, police, emergency
China/Japan: higher somatic awareness,
lower interoceptive accuracy
Types
Somatic symptom
Illness anxiety
Conversion (functional neurological symptom)
Factitious / Other / Unspecified
Definition
:
physical
complaints / disability suggesting
medical problem
,
not always biological cause
,
involuntary
(may protect from psych conflict)
Causal factors
Biological
Environmental (attention, sympathy)
Childhood Neurodevelopmental
Causal factors - biological? + psychological (theory of mind)
Definition
: deficits interfering with personal / social / academic functioning
Types
Intellectual developmental
Communication
Neurodevelopmental motor
Learning
ASD
(autism spectrum disorder)
Social interaction difficulties, repetitive behaviour/interests
e.g. distracted because highly focused, sensory processing
ADHD
(attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder)
Inattention, hyperactivity, both
e.g. distracted because can't concentrate
Characteristics
Commonly co-occur
Pre-cursor to adult
Dissociative
Definition
:
disruption/discontinuity
in
normal personality integration
-
memory, identity,
consciousness, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, behaviour
Types
Dissociative amnesia, fugue
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
(was multiple personality)
Depersonalisation / derealisation disorder
Other / Unspecified
Cultural influence
Non-Western: more common (except DID)
Focus on self (cultural construct)
Some view as possession by spirit
Some voluntary depersonalisation/derealisation
via meditation
Causal factors
Trauma dissociation
Roles theories
Abnormal
Distressing
Dysfunctional
Deviant
Anxiety
Key characteristics
Subjective-emotional feelings (fear)
Cognitive thoughts (worry)
Physiological
Behavioural (escape/avoid)
Definition
:
Frequency / intensity
of response
out of proportion
to situation
Most prevalent (1 in 7)
Causal factors
Biological
(genetic, female,
overreactive autonomic,
neurotransmitters - low GABA)
Psych (learned:
classical, observational, operant - negative reinforcement)
Sociocultural (culturally bound)
Cognitive (cognitive distortions - magnify threat)
Types
Phobic
Generalised anxiety (GAD)
Panic
OCD*
PTSD*
Social anxiety
Diagnostic manuals
DSM-5 (APA)
ICD-10 (WHO)
Vulnerability-Stress model
V + S (event) => disorder
Vulnerability:
Genetic
Biological
Psych traits
Maladaptive learning
Low social support
Stressor:
Economic
Environmental trauma
Interpersonal
Occupational