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Personality - Coggle Diagram
Personality
Psychodynamic
Topographical model
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Unconscious (repressed)
Psychosocial stage model
Frustration / overgratification -> fixation
- Oral (0-18m) -> dependent
- Anal (18-36m) -> obsessive / control
- Oedipal (5-6y) -> competitive / aggressive
- Latency (6-puberty)
- Genital (puberty+)
Structural Model
- Id: instincts -> impulsive
- Ego: logic -> balanced
- Superego: conscience -> overcontrolled
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Current trends
Objection relations theory
- Introjects - templates for later interpersonal relationships
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Core assumptions
- Unconscious
- Early experiences
- Psychic causality
Assessments
Objective
Self report
Pros: simple, cheap, validity
Cons: overly positive, self-enhancement bias, reference group effect (compare)
Informant
- Can combine with self-report
- Good for children, impaired, high stakes
Pros: good knowledge, no distortion, high validity
Cons: lack of knowledge, reference group effect (sibling contrast), overly positive (honeymoon or letter of recommendation effect)
Definition: standard items, limited responses
Classifying tests
- Comprehensiveness - one attribute or all
- Breadth - general (traits) or specific (facets)
Projective
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Pros: tap unconscious / implicit motives, validity for TAT
Cons: cumbersome, labour-intensive, hard to score
Behavioural
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Pros: no response bias, natural environment, what people 'do'
Cons: cumbersome, labour-intensive, hard to score, small sample
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Facet approach
Definition: more specific units of personality
- No accepted list
- More accurate description & prediction
- Don't capture complexity
Other models
- Eysenck: E + N
- HEXACO model: adds Honesty-Humility
Other traits
- Dark Triad (Narcissism, Machiavellianism, Psychopathy)
- Light Triad (Faith in Humanity, Humanism, Kantianism)
- Need for achievement, need for cognition, optimism, authoritarianism
Person-situation
debate
Mischel: specific situations, perceptions, abilities -> behaviour (traits not meaningful or useful)
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Traits
- Predict life outcomes
- Heritable (50% genetic)
Ego defenses
Definition: Unconscious, automatic mental strategies used when threatened (ego)
- Helpful short term
- Distort reality
- Repression: move to unconscious
- Denial: aware, but don't see negative
- Reaction formation: express opposite
- Displacement: express -ve in safer setting
- Rationalisation: make excuses
- Sublimation: express impulses for reward
Big Five OCEAN
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Traits
Definition:
Probabilistic descriptions of
relatively stable patterns of
emotion / motivation / cognition / behaviour
in response to stimuli
Criteria
- Consistent (across situations)
- Stable (over time)
- Individual differences
Taxonomy
- Allport: lexical hypothesis + factor analysis
- 16 Personality Factors - Cattall (not replicable)
- Big Five domains - Goldberg, McCrae & Costa (replicable)
Traits vs States
- Traits: stable, long lasting, internally caused
- States: temporary, brief, externally caused
Changes
- Lifespan (more C & A, women less N, with life events)
- With interventions / therapy
- Having a goal (E & N, not C)
vs Myers Briggs
- Dimension (degree), not categorial (kind)
- Doesn't conflate traits (e.g. O & introversion)
- Useful & consistent
Validity
Varies: use a range, depends on what is measured