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Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life - Coggle Diagram
Carbon & the Molecular Diversity of Life
diversity of carbon
-electron configuration: 4 valence -covalent bonds -able to form large, complex molecules
-variation in carbon skeleton (source of molecular complexity) -length, branched vs unbranched, double bonds, rings
Hydrocarbons
Hydrophobic, nonpolar (small difference in electronegativity)
Petroleum (fossil fuel), fats (long hydrocarbon tails- stored fuel)
-reactions release energy -framework for more complex organic molecules
Isomers
-same # of atoms, same elements, different structures
structural, cis-trans (arrangement about double bonds), enantiomers (mirror image molecules)
Chemical Groups
ATP
stores potential to react with water, reaction releases energy used by cell
gives unique prosperities to organic molecules, affects shape & function
Reactions
Dehydration synthesis
: loss of water, monomers combine to make polymers
hydrolysis
: addition of water breaks down polymers into monomers
Enzymes
: specialized macromolecules, usually proteins, speed up chemical reactions
Carbs
Simplest:
monosaccharides
monomers used to build complex carbs
some multiple of CH2O
nutrients for cells
quick energy from hydrolysis
disaccharides
: double sugars
2 monosaccharides, covalent bond, dehydration synthesis
sucrose (glucose+fructose)
glycosidic linkage
polysaccharides
: polymers, many sugar building blocks
dehydration synthesis
storage
for later use
plants store starch
animals store glycogen
sugar withdrawn through hydrolysis
short term energy
structural
: used to build cellulose (plant cell walls), important for human diet
cellular respiration
: cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down
contain
hydroxyl group
(functional group) making them polar: OH
Lipids
not big enough to be considered macromolecules - consist mostly of hydrocarbon regions
Fats
Major function: energy storage
(more than polysaccharides). -animals carry energy with them, an advantage to a more compact reservoir of fuel
Structure
: glycerol + 3 fatty acid (long carbon skeleton, ester linkage) carboxyl group at end (COOH)
Saturated fatty acid
:no double carbon bonds (kinks), saturated with Hydrogen
animal fats--> usually saturated
solid at room temp, flexibility allows them to be packed together
unsaturated fatty acid
: kinks (double bonds) prevent from solidifying
plants+ fish
liquid at room temp
Phospholipids
major constituents of cell membranes
2 fatty acids+ glycerol, hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic), phosphate group (hydrophilic)
in water: bilayers form, shield hydrocarbon portions from water, boundary between cell and its environment
Steroids
carbon skeleton, 4 fused rings
distinguished by chemical group attached
common in animal cell membranes
signaling molecules that travel through the body (hormones)
Proteins
Functions
: speed up chemical reactions, defense against disease, store amino acids, transport, cellular communication, movement, structural support
Enzymatic proteins:
regulate metabolism (catalyst)- are not consumed in reaction
function depends on ability to recognize and bind to some other molecule
ex: antibody protein and protein from flu virus, endorphins & morphine both fit into brain receptor
Structure
: same set of 20 amino acids, linked in unbranched polymers (peptide bonds)
Made of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a 3-D structure
amino acid monomer: amino group (NH2) & carboxyl group (COOH) ---polymer of amino acid: polypeptide
four levels
1) primary structure- sequence of amino acids (determined by DNA) (peptide bond
2) Secondary Structure- Formed by hydrogen bonds between the amino and carboxyl group of amino acids
3) Tertiary Structure- complex 3-D structure determined by cellular environment (pH, salt concentration, temperature)
4) Quaternary structure -in some proteins individual polypeptide chains are linked together
(alpha) helix structure- caused by hydrogen bonds that form between Co of hydroxyl groups and hydrogen in NH groups of same peptide
(Beta) pleated sheet- repeated folds form when a peptide folds on itself and hydrogen bonds form
Nucleic Acid
Functions
DNA- Sequence of nucleotides is different in every species=unique code to synthesize proteins (made up of 2 nucleotide chains that twist to form a "double helix"
RNA- copies of DNA, carries genetic code from nucleus to cytoplasm so that it can be read/ proteins can be synthesized
Cyclic AMP- intracellular messengers that carry chemical signals
ATP transports energy within cells, product of cellular respiration
Structure
5-C sugar-either Ribose or deoxyribose (has one less oxygen), phosphate group, nitrogen-containing base: adenine (2-ring), guanine (2-ring),cytosine (1-ring) or thymine (1-ring)
Hydrogen bonds hold bases together
Made up of long chains of nucleotides -contain N and P (in addition to C, H, O)