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Endocrine System Pathways - Coggle Diagram
Endocrine System Pathways
cAMP pathway
Step 1: Hormone binds to receptor protein on the plasma membrane
Step 2: Receptor protein activates G protein by replacing GDP with GTP
Step 3: G protein binds to adenylate cyclase
G protein is now inactive and adenylate cyclase turns ATP to cyclic AMP that causes a reaction
Phosphodiesterase is an enzyme that turns off cyclic AMP
Caffeine binds to Phosphodiesterase which is why it seems like we have more energy.
PIP2 pathway
Step 1: Hormone binds to the receptor protein
Step 2: Receptor protein activates G protein
Step 3: G protein binds to effector protein Phospholipase
Step 4: Phospholipase causes PIP2 to spilt into DAG and IP3
Step 5: DAG stays in the membrane and acts as a second messenger, IP3 travels through the cytoplasm to the ER to bind to its calcium ion channels to release Calcium ions
Step 6: Cation bind to protein Calmodulin that acts as the response
Direct gene activation
Step 1: Steroid hormone diffuses through the membrane and binds to a intracellular receptor.
Step 2: The receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus
Step 3: The complex binds to a specific region of the DNA
Step 4: Binding initiates for the transcription of the gene into a mRNA strand
Step 5: The mRNA strand direct the synthesis of a new protein by binding to a ribosome that translates the mRNA into a protein
Vascular System of Hypophysis
Hypothalamus to the Anterior Pituitary
Step 1: Hypothalamic neurons secrete their Hormones into the primary capillary plexus
Step 2: Hypothalamic hormones travel through portal veins to the anterior pituitary to give out intructions
Step 3: In response to releasing hormones the anterior pituitary secretes hormones into the secondary capillary plexus that empties into bloodstream
Hypothalamus to the Posterior Pituitary
Step 1:Hypothalamus makes oxytocin or ADH
Step 2: Oxytocin and ADH are transported down the hypothalamus-Hypophysis tract to be delivered to the Posterior Pituitary
Step 3: Oxytocin and ADH are stored in the axon terminals of the posterior pituitary
Step 4: When hypothalamus neurons fire an action potential at the axon terminals of the pituitary release oxytocin and ADH
Aldosterone Secretion mechanisms
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism
decrease in blood volume/pressure
Kidneys release renin
Angiotensin levels are increased
Plasma concentration of K+
Increase in K+ levels in blood
direct stimulating effect
Increase in Aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex
Target kidney tubules
Increases absorption of Na+ and water, and increases K+ excretion
leads to increase in blood volume/pressure
Atrial natriuetic peptide (ANP)
Increase of blood volume/pressure
leads to heart releasing
ANP
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stressors
Triggers hypothalamus to release Cortico releasing hormone (CRH)
Release of ACTH
Regulation of Aldosterone Secretion Pathway
Dehydration, Na+ deficiency, or hemorrhage
Decrease in blood volume
Decrease in blood pressure
Juxtaglomerular cells of kidney releases renin
Increased levels of renin
Liver releases angiotensinogen
angiotensin 1 increases
Lungs produce and release angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
2 more items...
Consqu. of Diabetes Mellitus
All tissues
decrease in glucose uptake
Liver breaks down glycogen to glucose
Rise in blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia)
glucose in urine (glycosuria) glucose pulls water into kidney tubules
Osmotic diuresis
polyuria
dehydration
polydipsia
Skeletal muscles break down protein
Liver converts amino acids to glucose
Adipocytes break down fats (lipolysis)
liver converts fats to ketone bodies
decrease in blood pH due to ketone bodies (ketoacidosis)
Ketones in urine ( Ketonuria) pulls cations into kidney tubules
Heart rhythm abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, CNS depression, coma
Ketoacidosis symptoms are acetone breath and increase in heart rate, and depth of breathing