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approaches in psychology - Coggle Diagram
approaches in psychology
Origins of psychology
Wundt and introspection
Wundt' lab: first psychology lab in Leipzig, introduced structuralism
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Early philosophical roots; Descartes, Locke, Darwin.
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the cognitive approach
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theoretical and computer models: information processing approach. Mind is likened to a computer and applied to artificial intelligence.
the role of Schema : beliefs and expectation affect thoughts and behaviour. innate or learned.
mental short - cut, leads to perceptual errors.
the emergence of cognitive neuroscience: Biological structures link to mental states e.g. Broca. Brian imaging ( FMRI) used to read the brain.
evaluation
scientific and objective methods: Lab experiments to produce reliable objective data. credible basis.
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evaluation extra: real world application, such as AI, less determinist than other approaches .
the biological approach
assumptions : biological processes: genes, neurochemistry and the nervous system.
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evolution and behaviour: natural selection of genes based on survival value and, ultimately, reproductive success
evaluation
scientific methods: precise techniques, such as scanning techniques , family studies, drug trials.
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casual conclusions: Drugs may only be associated with symptom reduction, not causes.
Biopsychology
the nervous system
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peripheral nervous system: automatic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic) somatic nervous system (body)
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synaptic transmission
synapse : terminal buttons at synapse, presynaptic vesicle relapse neurotransmitter.
neurotransmitters: post- synaptic receptor site links to dendrites of adjoining neuron. specialist functions e.g. acetylcholine for muscle contraction.
Excitation or inhibition: adrenaline is exitory, serotonin is inhibitory
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psychodynamic approach
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the structure of personality: Id- primitive part, pleasure principle. Ego- reality principle, protected by defence mechanisms. Superego - formed age 5, sense of right and wrong, morality principle.
psychosexual stages: five stages, a different conflict at each stage leads to fixation.
defence mechanism: used by the ego to keep the ID 'in check' and reduce anxiety - repression, denial, displacement.'
evaluation
real world application: new form of therapy (psychoanalysis) forerunner to 'talking therapies'.hot suitable for all mental health disorders ( not schizophrenia)
explanatory power: influential theories about personality, moral development and gender identity
untestable concepts: much of the theory is unfalsifiable , and based on case studies, thus pseudoscientific.
Psychic determinism: all behaviour is driven by the unconscious, ,leaves no room for free will.
humanistic psychotherapy
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs: 5 levels - psychological, safety and security, love and belongingness, self esteem , self actualisation
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the self, congruence and conditions of worth: personal growth requires congruence between self and ideal self.
counselling psychology: counsellor is genuine, empathetic, unconditional positive regard (rogers).
evaluaton
not reductionist: emphasis placed on the whole person (holism) however concepts cant vibe observed or measured, so the approach lacks empirical evidence.
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limited application: critics claim little impact but revolutionised therapy ( counselling) Mallows hierarchy explains motivation.