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SURVEY CAMP (RABIATUL ADAWIYAH BINTI ROSDIEE A19EA0140) - Coggle Diagram
SURVEY CAMP
(RABIATUL ADAWIYAH BINTI ROSDIEE A19EA0140)
Traverse
Objectives
To provide horizontal control point to use it in detailing work
To obtain bearing and distances between adjacent station
Introduction
Traverse process that we did in proposed land project is used to find horizontal control points for further use in detailing work
Equipments
Total Station
Tripod
Prism
Traversing Fieldwork
Reconnaissance
Angle Observation
Distance measurement
Calculation
FInal angle/bearing
= mean fwd - mean backwd
Required angle
= (2n+4) x 90 (external)
Forward bearing
= back bearing + corr. obs angle
Leveling
Objectives
To obtain the reduced level and traverse stations
To determine reduced level for station that are involved in detail survey works
To establish the vertical control points
Method
Rise and Fall
Height of Collimation
Calculation
Arithmetic Check
Accuracy Check
Errors
Systematic error
Gross Errors
Random errors
Detail Survey
Objectives
To produce a detailed map of a location
Estimate earthwork for land reclamation
Determine the contour and details of the map
Procedures/Method
Set up the equipments
Measure, record and book all the points needed
Plot the map using AutoCad
Earthwork
Areas
Regular boundaries
Irregular boundaries
Areas from coordinate
Area from cross sections
Trapezoidal rule
Simpson's rule
Volume
Excavation, backfilling and dumping of soil or earth
Cross-sections
End-Areas method
Prismoidal method
Spotheights
Contours
Setting out/Road Curves
Horizontal Curves
provide smooth change direction when
travelling from one straight to another
Simple Curves
Circular
Reverse
Compound
Transition Curves
Clothoid or spiral
Cubic parabola
Lemniscate
Setting out a circular cuve
A process of marking(setting out) the centre line of a route at chosen intervals
Most common method : radiation or known as deflection angle method
Involves the computation of the deflection angles from selected tangent
Vertical Curves
Two types of vertical curves
Crest Curve
Sag Curve
Factors that determine the length of vertical curves
Sighting distance
Stopping sight distance
Overtaking sight distance
Comfort
reduce vertical radial force
only for sag curve
Standards
decide sight distance
use K values
JKR
Enviromental issues
The deterioration of the mangrove ecosystems
Uncontrol trees cutting affects sedementation
Flash flood
Sustainability
Prioritising thr use of sustainable construction and building materials
Protection of environment and human health