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Integumentary System Pablo Collazo Period 1 - Coggle Diagram
Integumentary System
Pablo Collazo
Period 1
Degrees of Burn and Rules of Nines
Second Degree
Epidermal and upper dermal are damaged, starts to show blisters.
Third Degree
Entire thickness of skin is involved, skin turns white-gray, black, or cherry red. No edemas nor pain because nerves are destroyed.
First Degree
Epidermal damage only.Shows redness, swelling (edema) ,and pain.
Rules of Nines
Head is 4.5% each side, arms are 4.5% each side, trunk is 18% each side, legs are 9% each side and perineum is 1%
Skin Cancer and the ABCD Rule
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Second most common, can spread. Usually is a scaly reddened papule on scalp, ears, lower lips, or hands.Can be treated by radiation therapy or removed surgically
Melanoma
Most dangerous, highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy, Key survival is early detection: ABCD rule
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Slowly invades epidermis and hypodermis, it's the least malignant and most common, 99% chance of being cured.
ABCDE Rule
Color: contains colors like black, brown, tan sometimes blue or red
Diameter: larger than 6mm
Border irregularity: exhibits indentations
Assymetry: two sides of the pigmented area do not match
Major Functions of the Skin
Cutaneous Sensations
These are part of the nervous system, exteroceptors respond to outside stimuli, such as temperature and touch. Free nerve endings sense pain stimuli.
Metabolic Functions
Skin synthesizes vitamin D for calcium absorption in intestine
Chemical from keratinocytes can disarm some carcinogens
Keratinocytes can activates hormones like cortisone and hydrocortisone
Skin makes collagenase, it helps natural turnover of collagen to prevent wrinkles
Body Temperature
When body temperature rises, vessels dilate and sweat glands produce more sweat in order to cool down
When the environment is cold dermal blood vessels constrict so skin temperature drops and heat loss slows down
When in resting body temperature, sweat glans still produce sweat but at an unnoticeable rate.
Blood Reservoir
Skin can hold up to 5% of body´s total volume. Skin vessels can constrict to shunt blood to other organs, such as exercising muscle.
Protection
Physical Barrier
Flat,, dead, keratinized stratum corneum surrounded by glycolipids, blocks most water and water-soluble substances
Lipid-soluble substances, plant oleoresins, organics solvents, salts of heavy metals, some drugs and drug agents have limited penetration of skin
Chemical Barrier
Secretes chemicals like sweat, sebum and defensins and cells that secrete antimicrobial defensin, whcih kill bacteria.
Acid Mantle: low pH of skin retards bacteria multiplication
Melanin provides protection against UV radiation damage
Biological Barrier
Epidemic contains phagotic cells
Dentritic cells engulf antigens and present to white blood cells, activating the immune response
Dermis contains macrophages
Macrophages also do the same thing as dentritic cells
DNA can absorb harmful UV radiation, converting it in harmless heat
Excretion of Wastes
Skin can secrete limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes, such as ammonia, urea, and uric acid. Sweating can cause water and salt loss
Layers of the Skin
Dermis: underlies epidermis
Papillary
Contribute to sense of touch, enhance grip, sweat pores leave unique fingerprint pattern.
Reticular
Makes up 80% dermal thickness, keep skin hydrated and contains pockets of adipose cells.
Hypodermis (superficial fascia)
Epidermis: superficial region
Stratum Granulosum
Thin layer of 4 to 6 cells thick that are flattened and slow water loss. Cells above this layer die
Stratum Lucidum
Found only on thick skin, consist of thin translucent band of 2 to 3 rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes
Stratum Spinosum
Several cell layers thick that appear spikey, also called prickle cells
Stratum Basale
Lowest layer, made of a single row of cells that keep dividing. Firmly attached to dermis
Stratum Corneum
20-30 rows of flat, keratinized dead cells that function to protect deeper cells, prevent water loss, protect from abrasion and penetration. Serves as a physical, chemical and biological barrier.