ENGINEERING SURVEYING
TRAVERSE
EARTHWORK (AREA & VOLUME CALCULATION METHOD)
SETTING OUT
LEVELLING
SUSTAINABILITY & ENVIRONMENT ISSUES IN LAND RECLAMATION PROJECT
DETAIL SURVEY
INSTRUMENTS
TERMINOLOGIES
SUMMARY
TYPE
LINK TRAVERSE
EXAMPLES 
METHODS
Angular Misclosure
Total required angle = (Final forward bearing - Initial back bearing) + (m * 180 degree)
*where :
m is an integer, in most cases, m will be (n-1) or n or (n+1)
n is the no. of left-hand angles observed
note : value of m is obtained by assuming that observations are gross-error free
Angular Misclosure & Angle Adjustment
Calculate :
Latitude and departure
Linear misclosure and adjustment of latitude and departure
Forward bearing
Coordinates of certain stations
Angular misclosure and Angular correction
Initial back bearing and final forward bearing
Forward Bearing Calculation
Latitude/departure calculation (Linear misclosure 1:10,000)
Latitude/departure correction (Linear misclosure 1:10,000)
Latitude/departure adjustment (Linear misclosure 1:10,000)
Coordinate calculation
CLOSE TRAVERSE (LOOP)
EXAMPLES
METHODS
Angular Misclosure (AM)
The observe angles can be internal/external angles
AM are found by comparing the sum of the observed angles with one of the following theoretical values :
Internal angles required = (2n - 4) * 90 degree
External angles required = (2n + 4) * 90 degree
*where n is the no. of angles measured
Linear Misclosure
Latitude/departure correction
Latitude/departure adjustment
Latitude/departure calculation
Coordinate calculation
Area calculation (coordinate method)
OBJECTIVE
To establish the horizontal control points for uses in detail survey
To act as a preparation for the land reclamation
EQUIPMENT
Total Station
Tripod
Prism
OBJECTIVES
To find treasure point (unknown point) based on coordinate given
To perform the calculation of traverse on the spot when the fieldwork is done
To apply the concept of link traverse in searching the exact location of the traverse
EQUIPMENT
Tripod
Total station
Prism
OBJECTIVES
To carry out Rise and Fall method of booking the reading of levelling in the field
To adjust and apply correction for levelling data
To establish the reduce level
To establish the vertical control and reduce level for station that are involved in traverse at the project area
Measuring tape
Automatic level
Base plate
Levelling field book
Staff
Staff bubble
Tripod
INTRODUCTION
MSL vary with locations due to wind,
current and tides
The most accurate method in
determining height
In Malaysia tides are observed at 21 tidal gauge stations distributed throughout the country in order to obtain the MSL
Heights are based from the mean sea level (MSL) level (MSL) - normally referred to as normally referred to as datum
Reduced Level (RL) – the height of a point
relative to a datum
Bench Mark (BM) – permanent markers with accurate reduced levels. In Malaysia Terminologies these are provided by JUPEM
Temporary Bench Mark (TBM) – temporary markers established normally near construction sites. In particular if site is too far from a BM
The first reading/observation is the backsight whereas the last observation is the foresight
Any other readings/observations contained between the backsight and foresight are called intermediate sights
Only backsights and foresights are used when flying levels (i.e. when determining a when flying levels (i.e. when determining a TBM or BM.)
Intermediate sights are only to be used when the RL of other points are needed
NOTES
Backsights and final foresights must be made to a point with known RL, such as, BM or TBM
Points that are to be TBM or BM must not be observed as intermediate sights – this is to ensure that systematic errors are minimised (will be explained later)
METHODS
Two peg test
Booking and reduction of levels
Rise and fall method
Height of plane of collimation (HPC) method
Inverted staff
INTRODUCTION
Horizontal control was obtained from traverse
survey
Vertical control was obtained from levelling.
A detail survey is used to determine and locate the features and improvements on a parcel of land in which a further detail of a location can be determined
OBJECTIVE
Prism
Tripod stand
Total station
Prism with pole
METHOD
Offsets or trilateration (ties) - only provide horizontal positions. If reduced levels are neede then, levelling is required
Radiation (angle & distance)
Radiation by Tacheometry
Radiation by EDM/Total Station
Details are measured from a control point (station) that is closest to the area to be mapped
provide hori & verti distances at accuracies suitable for detail surveys
Distances obtained by tacheometry are of low order accuracy, therefore, is suitable to be used for producing plans at scales less than 1 : 200
Fieldwork
Select one of the adjacent station as the reference object (RO) and if possible set the horizontal angle to zero ; all angles will be relative to this RO
When the staff is at a point of detail, observe and record the three stadia hairs, horizontal and vertical angles (nearest 1minute is sufficient)
Set-up instrument over station & record the height of instrument (height of the trunnion axis from the ground)
The procedure is repeated for all details needed and as a precautionary measure, it is sensible to check the reading to the RO from time to time
Details are measured either using an EDM mounted on a theodolite or a total station (EDM+theodolite+on-board software)
This method of picking-up details is closely
linked to computer-aided mapping
Recap : EDM is an electronic distance measurement method that is capable of providing horizontal and vertical distances at high accuracies
Data observed are normally entered or downloaded to computers and processed using an engineering surveying software to produce the required plans
INTRODUCTION
Opposite to detail survey.
Setting out is to locate the calculated coordinate of the
things to the ground.
Setting-out is a process of transferring planned project to
the ground by using a suitable method.
OBJECTIVE
Setting out is to locate the calculated coordinate of the
things to the ground.
To execute as-built survey upon the completion of the
setting-out work.
INSTRUMENTS
Prism
Nail
Tripod
Rope
Total station
Measuring tape
INTRODUCTION
Earthwork is a handling and processing
calculation of large of soils and rocks.
Earthwork also used in cutting and filling of earth for basement (car park), underground water tanks, to obtain required formation levels.
OBJECTIVES
Estimate volume of fill and volume of fill material for
reclamation
Estimate the cost of the backfill.
Identify formation level for reclamation area
Identify positive and negative social impact created by the
project.
Identify reclamation impact on environment
METHOD
Spot Height Method
End-Area Method
Setting-out A Circular Curve
Meaning : A process of marking (setting-out) the centre line of a route (road, railway) at chosen intervals
Involves the computations of the deflection angles
from a selected tangent
METHOD
Deflection Angle Method
Transition Curve
How is a transition curve used in road geometric design?
Supposing two straights are connected by a
circular curve
The circular curve is partly replaced by two transition curves at each end (at the beginning and ending sections) as combined curve
Vertical Curves
Needed at intersections of grades or slopes
click to edit
Crest curve - grade meeting at summits
Grades are represented in terms ratio or percentages;
grade 1:40=2.5%
Sag curve - grades meeting at valleys
Rising grades are written as +ve (e.g.+5%)
and those descending as -ve (-5%)
In vertical curve designs, calculations are based on the algebraic difference between gradients
Gradients increasing in the direction of chainage are given +ve sign and those decreasing are -ve
Setting-out A Vertical Curve
How?
The reduced level (RL) of chainage points needed are calculated and pegs/markers are driven to indicate cut and fill
Therefore, setting-out data are chainages whose reduced levels represent the finished level (surface of the proposed road)
EQUATIONS
Length of the curve (2 methods)
Length of curve (2l) based on vertical radial force; 2L (total length) = ((p+q)*(v^2)) / (100f)
The position of the highest point on the
curve from the tangent point;
x = (2p/ p+q) * L
Based on vertical radial force
Based on the sighting distance (S)
Length of curve (2L) based on the sighting distance (S) - 3 cases are possible
S > 2L
S < 2L
S = 2L
Tidal patterns
Wave patterns
River sediment compositions
Abrasion
Slope elevation
Water management area
The change of wave pattern lead to more intensive abrasion
coastal stability becomes low
The tidal wave hit the shore harder than the shock absorbing
mechanism by the sea floor prepared for
become harder
The reclamation activities in the study area reduced the function of the mangrove forest as a natural folder to hold the water excess due to the rain and the up-tide.
The loss of mangrove forests lead to increase of the flooded area then affect the water quality