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Recent Reservation Demands - Coggle Diagram
Recent Reservation Demands
Historical Background
1933
: Separate electorates for Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and the Dalits.
Since 1947:
reservations were provided only for SCs and STs
1933:
Caste based reservation under Ramsay McDonald's Communal Award
1991:
Mandal Commission - OBCs
1882:
William Hunter and Jyotirao Phule concieved the idea
Mandal Commission (1991)
Report: 52 percent OBC population , hence 27% reservation
Also identified backward classes among non-Hindus
Defining India’s “socially and educationally backward classes”
Indra Sawhney Case of 1992
Concept of ‘creamy layer’
50% cap
1978: Article 340: President appointed
Constitutional
Provisions
Article 335
: Reservations with maintenance of efficacy of the administration
81st Amendment Act, 2000 inserted Article 16 (4 B)
to enables the state to fill the unfilled vacancies
Article 243D
provides reservation of seats for SCs and STs in every Panchayat.
Article 15(4) and 16(4)
enables state and centre for SC/ST quota in
promotions
Article 233T
provides reservation of seats for SCs and STs in every Municipality.
Part XVI
deals with reservation of SC and ST in Central and State legislatures (Article 330 and 332)
103rd Amendment Act of 2019
Economic backwardness criteria
Breaching 50% Cap
10% reservation for EBCs , which included minority
Why reservation needed?
To ensure adequate representation
For economic advancement
To provide a level playing field
To ensure equality as basis of meritocracy
To correct the historical injustice
Argument Against
Reservation
People continue to remain socially disadvantaged.
Reservation destroys self-respect
It perpetuate the notion of caste in society
Enemy of meritocracy
Divisions and enmity among citizen
Dominant and elite class within the backward castes
Mechanism of exclusion rather than inclusion
Problems in
implementation
Insufficiency of data
Competition for backwardness among communities e.g. Maratha, Patidar, Jats etc.
Problem of reification:
says Rohini Commission Report
Way forward
Institution alike the Equal Opportunities Commission (US)
Evidence based policy option
Socio-economic caste-based census
Avoid reification and fragmentation