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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Coggle Diagram

- - - - FERMENTATION - the biological way
        
        made from glucose using yeast, in the absence of air
        
        the enzymes in yeast act as a catalyst
        
        C6H1206 (aq) ----> 2C2H5OH (aq) + 2CO2 (g) + energy
        
        this process is known as fermentation, and is exothermic
        
        ethanol is separated from the final mixture by fractional distillation
        
        yeast stops working when the % of ethanol reaches a certain level or if the mixture gets too warm
        
        maize, sugarcane, potatoes and wood can be used
        
        glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy
      - HYDRATION OF ETHENE - the chemical way
        
        addition reaction where ethene is hydrated by adding water
        
        an addition reaction turns an unsaturated alkene into a saturated compound
        
        add water
        
        add hydrogen
    - - good solvent, dissolves more than water
      - evaporates easily - volatile
      - burns readily in oxygen, and is gives out significant heat and energy
        
        USED AS A FUEL
        
        balanced equation: C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) --> 2CO2 (g) + 3H2O (l) + heat
        
        can be made cheaply, and even from plant waste
        
        ethanol has less impact on the environment that petroleum does
        
        cost-effective - many countries don't have petroleum
- - - - feedstock for many chemicals & plastic
    - - fuel for aircrafts, oil stoves and lamps
    - - fuel for cars
    - - fuel for diesel engines
    - - bottled gases for heating and cooking
    - - oil for car engines & machinery, wax polishes
    - - to make road surfaces & roofs
- - - - the long chain hydrocarbon is heated to vaporise it.
      - the vapour is usually passed over a hot catalyst
      - this allows thermal decomposition to take place and the molecule is broken down into smaller ones.
      - after the molecules are cracked, they are very reactive and therefore useful
        
        importance and use of cracking
        
        produces short chain compounds with a carbon-carbon double bond making the compounds reactive and can therefore be used for the production of plastic and other substances.
        
        helps to make the best use of petroleum
    - - cracking the naphtha fraction
        
        compounds in the naphtha fraction are often cracker and this fraction is used as feedstock for the making of making many useful chemicals
        
        balanced equation: C10H22 --> C5H12 + C3H6 + C2H4
        
        conditions: 540 degree Celcius & a catalyst
      - cracking ethane
        
        ethane has very short molecules - but is cracked to give ethene and hydrogen
        
        balanced equation: C2H6 --> C2H4 + H2
        
        conditions: steam and temperatures over 800 degree C
- - - - melting and boiling points rise
      - viscosity increases - the compounds flow less easily
      - flammability decreases - the compounds burn less equally