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History, black-death-66ea10b8-b9f2-4b53-9be5-b3c6b962655-resize-750,…

- - - - On September 1, 1939, the German invasion of Poland and the United Kingdom and France's declaration of war on Germany two days later.
      - 1940 April 9 to June 9 - Germany invades and takes control of Denmark and Norway.
      - 1940 May 10 to June 22 - Germany uses quick strikes called blitzkrieg, meaning lightning war, to take over much of western Europe including the Netherlands, Belgium, and northern France.
      - 1940 May 30 - Winston Churchill becomes leader of the British government.
      - 1940 June 10 - Italy enters the war as a member of the Axis powers.
      - 1940 July 10 - Germany launches an air attack on Great Britain. These attacks last until the end of October and are known as the Battle of Britain.
      - 1940 September 22 - Germany, Italy, and Japan sign the Tripartite Pact creating the Axis Alliance.
      - 1941 June 22 - Germany and the Axis Powers attack Russia with a huge force of over four million troops. 1941 December 7 - The Japanese attack the US Navy in Pearl Harbor. The next day the US enters World War II on the side of the Allies.
      - 1942 June 4 - The US Navy defeats the Japanese navy at the Battle of Midway.
      - 1943 July 10 - The Allies invade and take the island of Sicily. 1943 September 3 - Italy surrenders to the Allies, however Germany helps Mussolini to escape and set up a government in Northern Italy.
      - 1944 June 6 - D-day and the Normandy invasion. Allied forces invade France and push back the Germans.
      - 1944 August 25 - Paris is liberated from German control. 1944 December 16 - The Germans launch a large attack in the Battle of the Bulge. They lose to the Allies sealing the fate of the German army.
      - 1945 February 19 - US Marines invade the island of Iwo Jima. After a fierce battle they capture the island.
      - 1945 April 12 - US President Franklin Roosevelt dies. He is succeeded by President Harry Truman.
      - 1945 March 22 - The US Third Army under General Patton crosses the Rhine River.
      - 1945 April 30 - Adolf Hitler commits suicide as he knows Germany has lost the war. 1945 May 7 - Germany surrenders to the Allies.
      - 1945 August 6 - The United States drops the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. The city is devastated. 1945 August 9 - Another atomic bomb is dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
      - 1945 September 2 - Japan surrenders to US General Douglass MacArthur and the Allies.
  - - - The pandemic had a major effect on WW1 and it motivated scientists to develop a vaccine against them.
      - The US approved the first flu vaccine in 1945 and was develop by Jonas Salk, who later develop the polio vaccine
    - - The first idea was from British physicist Sir Robert Watson-Watt in 1935. At first, they wanted to develop a weapon that can send a beam and cook the pilot, but instead of that they were getting bounce-back that they could receive and they had the idea on the radar.
- - - - The Trail of Tears was part of a series of forced displacements of approximately 60,000 Native Americans between 1830 and 1850 by the United States government
        
        In 1830, a group of Indian tribes, collectively referred to as the "Five Civilized Tribes" (the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee, and Seminole tribes) were living as autonomous nations.
        
        American settlers had been pressuring the federal government to remove Indians from the Southeast; many settlers were encroaching on Indian lands, while others wanted more land made available to the settlers, although the effort was vehemently opposed by some
        
        The process of cultural transformation from their traditional way of life towards a white American way of life as proposed by George Washington and Henry Knox was gaining momentum, especially among the Cherokee and Choctaw.
        
        In 1831, the Choctaw became the first Nation to be removed, and their removal served as the model for all future relocations.
        
        After two wars, many Seminoles were removed in 1832. The Creek removal followed in 1834, the Chickasaw in 1837, and lastly the Cherokee in 1838.
        
        Some managed to evade the removals, however, and remained in their ancestral homelands; some Choctaw still reside in Mississippi, Creek in Alabama and Florida, Cherokee in North Carolina, and Seminole in Florida.
        
        By 1840, tens of thousands of Native Americans had been driven off of their land in the southeastern states and forced to move across the Mississippi to Indian Territory. The federal government promised that their new land would remain unmolested forever, but as the line of white settlement pushed westward, “Indian Country” shrank and shrank.
- - - - Catherine II, called Catherine the Great, reigned over Russia for 34 years—longer than any other female in Russian history. As empress, Catherine westernized Russia. She led the
        the country into full participation in the political and cultural life of Europe.
        She championed the arts and reorganized the Russian law code; also significantly expanded Russian territory, adding
    - - Russia at the time was ruled by Peter the Great's daughter, Empress Elizabeth, whose 20-year reign significantly stabilized the monarchy.
      - Catherine, however, would not have become empress if her husband had been at all normal. Her husband (Peter III) was absolutely neurotic, rebellious, obstinate, perhaps impotent, nearly alcoholic, and, most seriously, a fanatical worshipper of Frederick II of Prussia, the foe of Empress Elizabeth.
        Catherine, by contrast, was clearheaded and ambitious. Her intelligence, flexibility of character, and love of Russia gained her much support. Although Catherine is a woman of little beauty, she possesses considerable charm, a lively intelligence, and extraordinary energy. Catherine's true passion, however, was ambition; since Peter was incapable of ruling
      - Shortly after Elizabeth's death, Peter III, now emperor. He had no attempt to hide his hatred of Russia and his love of his native Germany, discrediting himself endlessly by his foolish actions. He also prepared to rid himself of his wife. So, Catherine had only to strike: she had the support of the army, mainly the regiments at the court, and public opinion in both capital (Moscow and St. Peterburg). The "enlightened" elements also supported her since she was known for her liberal opinions and admired as one of the most cultivated persons in Russia.
      - Sophie Friederike Auguste, also called Catherine II, was born May 2, 1729 - died November 17, 1796; the daughter of an obscure Greman prince, Christian August von Anhalt-Zerbst.
        At age 14, she was choosing to be the wife of Karl Ulrich, grandson of Peter the Great, and heir to the throne of Russia as the grand duke Peter.
        In 1774, Catherine arrived in Russia, assumed Grand duchess Catherine Alekseyevna, and married her young cousin. The marriage was a total failure; the next 18 years were filling with disappointment and humiliation.
    - - Russians continue to admire Catherine, the German, the usurper and profligate, and regard her as a source of national pride. Russia under her rule grew strong enough to threaten the other great powers.
        Catherine claimed that she had reorganized 29 provinces under her administrative reform plan at the end of her reign.
        She invested funds in many projects. More than a hundred new towns were built; old ones were expanded and renovated. As commodities were plentiful, trade expanded, and communications developed.
        With the glory of military victories and the fame of a competent court, to which the greatest minds of Europe were drawn, these achievements have won her a distinguished place in history.
      - . She was a patron of literature and a promoter of Russian culture; she herself wrote, established literary reviews, encouraged the sciences, and founded schools. Her interests and enthusiasms ranged from construction projects to lawmaking and the collection of art objects.
- - - - Historical Background
        
        In the early 1900s, Russia was one of the most impoverished countries in Europe with an enormous peasantry and a growing minority of poor industrial workers.
        
        The Russian Revolution of 1905
        
        Also know as the First Russian Revolution, happened as the result of inflation poverty, failed state level leadership and policy, Russian defeat in the Russo-Japanese War.
        
        Despite the Revolution of 1905 failed, making no significant change to social, economic, and the political aspect of Russia, it played a major part of leading to the 1917 Revolution.
        
        The revolution receded on 1907 and finally ended on December 19, 1907, at the request of the Moscow City Bolshevik Party Executive Committee, armed fighting ceased to avoid losses. During the Revolution, Soviets, represented by workers, peasants, and soldiers, were formed
      - The February Revolution
        
        The February Revolution in Russia began on February 23 on the Julian calendar (March 8, 1917). Demonstrators took to the streets of Petrograd; troops were called out to quell the uprising
        
        The bourgeois democratic February Revolution in Russia ended with the overthrow of the tsarist monarchy. After the February Revolution, in Russia there existed two parallel governments, the Provisional Government of the bourgeoisie and the Soviet of workers' and soldiers' deputies, headed by the Soviet Petrograd.
        
        The February Revolution was the result of nearly a century of civil and military upheaval in Russia. The causes of the revolution can be summarized as the ongoing cruel treatment of peasants by the bourgeoisie, poor working conditions of industrial workers and the spreading of democratic ideas.
        
        The revolution was provoked by Russian military failures during the First World War. The economic challenges faced due to fighting a total war also contributed.
      - The October Revolution
        
        Since the fall of 1917, Russia has been in a very serious crisis. Kerensky's provisional government became increasingly weak, helpless, unable to run the country. The economy of the country was in shambles, famines occurred in many parts of the country, especially in the cities.
        
        At the front, the Russian army was disbanded, and the German army successively captured many Russian territories.
        
        On the night of October 24, 1917 according to the old Russian calendar (November 6, 1917), an armed uprising broke out in the capital, Petrograd.
        
        The Bolsheviks seize control of Petrograd on 25 October 1917 (7 November). On 26 October 1917 (8 November), The Bolsheviks take control of the Winter Palace, the last remaining holdout of the Provisional Government.
        
        After taking control of the government, the Provisional Government did not solve the problems promised earlier such as: farmer's land, jobs for workers, food shortages and resolute pursuit of imperial war until the end
        
        The victory of the revolution formed the world's first proletariat government, putting Russia on the path of building socialism.
- - - - The Vietnamese famine of 1945 was a famine that occurred in northern Vietnam in French Indochina during World War II, from October 1944 to late 1945.
      - Between 400,000 and 2 million people are estimated to have starved to death during this time.
    - - The direct cause was the effects of WW2 on French Indochina. The involvement of France and Japan in Vietnam caused detrimental effects to the economic activities of Vietnamese.
        
        While the Japanese collected rice to bring home, the French stored food in case the Allies had not arrived, had to fight Japan or used it for the re-invasion of Vietnam.
      - The mismanagement of the French administration in Vietnam was the indirect cause. The French reformed the economy to serve the administration and to meet the needs of war because they had been being invaded themselves.
        
        After that, Japan used force to eliminate the French occupation of Vietnam and then took other more drastic measures for the purpose of exploiting it for the war (forcing farmers to uproot rice to plant jute to solve the shortage of cloth, forcing people sell rice at a cheap price to send back to Japan)
      - The Japanese army banned the transportation of rice from the South to the North, and also banned the opening of rice warehouses to relieve hunger (because rice in storage had to be given priority to Japanese soldiers). Allied aircraft destroyed the railway lines from Hue to out, blocking the sea, making it impossible to transport goods to the North.
      - Natural causes included natural disasters such as droughts and floods, which destroyed northern crops. The rapid and widespread spread of cholera during the flood season also contributed to the increase in hunger.
      - Landlords own most of the land, leaving most farmers with little or no arable land, and thus unable to produce enough food to feed their families.
    - - There are no exact figures on the number of people who starved to death in this famine, various sources estimate that between 400,000 and 2 million people starved to death in northern Vietnam. This is a very high rate of starvation because the total population of Vietnam in 1945 was only about 23 million, of which about 8 million lived in provinces where famine occurred.
    - - In the danger of near-death starvation, the people were no longer afraid of the government's repression, so they responded in large numbers which led to the August Revolution event went successful.
      - After September 2, 1945, they confiscated all the money of the pro-Franco-Japanese circles across the country and at the same time launched to increase production and save food to provide relief to the hungry.
      - By the end of 1946, the basic famine had been resolved.
- - - - Signs and symptoms
        
        Symptoms of the disease include fever of 38–41 °C (100–106 °F), headaches, painful aching joints, nausea and vomiting, and a general feeling of malaise. Left untreated, of those that contract the bubonic plague, 80 percent die within eight days.
        
        A hand showing how acral gangrene of the fingers due to bubonic plague causes the skin and flesh to die and turn black
        
        Pneumonic plague
        
        Lodewijk Heyligen, noted a distinct form of the disease, pneumonic plague, that infected the lungs and led to respiratory problems.Symptoms include fever, cough, and blood-tinged sputum. As the disease progresses, sputum becomes free-flowing and bright red. Pneumonic plague has a mortality rate of 90 to 95 percent.
        
        Septicaemic plague
        
        Septicaemic plague is the least common of the three forms, with a mortality rate near 100%. Symptoms are high fevers and purple skin patches (purpura due to disseminated intravascular coagulation).
      - Transmission
        
        Territorial origins
        
        Nestorian graves dating to 1338–1339 near Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan have inscriptions referring to plague, which has led some historians and epidemiologists to think they mark the outbreak of the epidemic. Others favour an origin in China.According to this theory, the disease may have travelled along the Silk Road with Mongol armies and traders, or it could have arrived via ship.
        
        Outbreak
        
        From Kaffa (now Feodosiya) in Crimea (1347), Genoese ships carried the epidemic westward to Mediterranean ports, whence it spread inland, affecting Sicily (1347); North Africa, mainland Italy, Spain, and France (1348); and Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, Germany, and the Low Countries (1349).
        
        A ship from Calais carried the plague to Melcombe Regis, Dorset, in August 1348. It reached Bristol and spread throughout the southwestern counties of England. London suffered most violently between February and May 1349, East Anglia and Yorkshire during the summer. The Black Death reached the extreme north of England, Scotland, Scandinavia, and the Baltic countries in 1350.
        
        The importance of hygiene was recognised only in the nineteenth century with the development of the germ theory of disease; until then streets were commonly filthy, with live animals of all sorts around and human parasites abounding, facilitating the spread of transmissible disease
      - Consequences
        
        Economic
        
        Wages soared in response to a labour shortage
        
        On the other hand, in the quarter century after the Black Death in England, it is clear many labourers, artisans, and craftsmen, those living from money-wages alone, did suffer a reduction in real incomes owing to rampant inflation
        
        Environmental
        
        A study performed by Thomas Van Hoof of the Utrecht University suggests that the innumerable deaths brought on by the pandemic cooled the climate by freeing up land and triggering reforestation.
        
        This may have led to the Little Ice Age
        
        Deaths
        
        The Black Death killed some 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia.
        
        According to medieval historian Philip Daileader, it is likely that over four years, 45–50% of the European population died of plague.
        
        Norwegian historian Ole Benedictow suggests it could have been as much as 60% of the European population
        
        Social
        
        Pieter Bruegel's The Triumph of Death reflects the social upheaval and terror that followed plague, which devastated medieval Europe.
      - Causes
        
        Due to climate change in Asia, rodents began to flee the dried-out grasslands to more populated areas, spreading the disease. The plague disease, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis was discovered by Alexandre Yersin.is enzootic in populations of fleas carried by ground rodents, including marmots.
        
        Y. pestis was found in various areas, including Central Asia, Kurdistan, Western Asia, North India, Uganda and the western United States.
        
        The Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) engorged with blood. This species of flea is the primary vector for the transmission of Yersinia pestis, the organism responsible for spreading bubonic plague in most plague epidemics. Both male and female fleas feed on blood and can transmit the infection.
        
        Oriental rat flea (Xenopsylla cheopis) infected with the Yersinia pestis bacterium which appears as a dark mass in the gut. The foregut (proventriculus) of this flea is blocked by a Y. pestis biofilm; when the flea feeds on an uninfected host Y. pestis is regurgitated into the wound, causing infection.
- - - - Indirect
        
        The inherent contradiction between the leading imperialist countries in Europe over uneven development
        The disproportionate division of colonies among the imperialist countries. Britain and France (old imperial countries) occupied most of the colonies. While Germany, America (young empires) have few colonies.
      - Direct
        
        On 28 June 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb Yugoslav nationalist and member of the Serbian Black Hand military society, assassinated the Austro-Hungarian heir Archduke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo, leading to the July Crisis.
    - - On July 28, 1914, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
        
        The event officially opened the First World War and began shelling Belgrade, the capital of Serbia. In August, Serbia repelled Austria-Hungary at the Battle of Cer. By September, Serbia launched a counter-offensive into Syrmia and had to retreat after Austria-Hungary threatened Belgrade again.
      - August 1, 1914, Germany declared war on Russia, August 3 with France; On 4 August Britain declared war on Germany and landed on the mainland. A great war broke out.
        
        Germany planned to end the war early by defeating France in 4-6 weeks, then move on to the Eastern front to defeat Russia. However, this plan did not go as planned because both its underlying assumptions that the British did not get involved in the war early and that the Russian army did not have time to mobilize were wrong. However, Schliffen identified Russia as a potential threat, so Germany decided to send the Eighth Army to defend East Prussia. Early on August 26, Russia attacked East Prussia with the 1st and 2nd armies having an overwhelming advantage over the German 8th Army. But due to weak command and lack of combat coordination, the Russian army was fully exploited by the enemy. As a result, the German army regained the upper hand on the Eastern Front after its defeat at Gumbinnen.
        
        However, the victory at Tannenberg could not save the failure of the Schliffen plan, because a few days later on the Western front, the Imperial German army was defeated by the Anglo-French coalition in the 1st Battle of the Marne from the day September 5 to 13 of the same year. The German plan to fight quickly and win quickly was broken.
      - August 23, 1914: Japan declared war on Germany
        
        Imperial Japan took advantage of the great powers participating in the war in Europe and decided to carry out an expansion plan in the Far East. On August 15, 1914, Japan sent an ultimatum to Germany demanding that it transfer to Japan the Jiaozhou area (China) and give Germany a reply within 8 days. Germany did not respond to Japan's ultimatum, so on August 23, 1914, Japan declared war on Germany and quickly occupied Jiaozhou and the Qingdao-Jinan railway (China) and a series of islands that belonged to the Germans. territory of the German Empire in the Pacific. On November 11, 1914, Qingdao, a German colony in China, surrendered to Japan after 43 days of siege. After these military operations, Japan had no other operations to participate in World War I.
      - April 1917, the United States officially joined the treaty faction.
        
        Two days after the US Senate voted to declare war on Germany with 82 votes in favor and 6 against, the US House of Representatives also officially approved the decision with 373 votes in favor and 50 against. America officially entered World War I
        
        On November 9, 1918, the Revolution in Germany broke out, overthrowing democracy in this country. On November 11, 1918, the Germans surrendered unconditionally, at the same time Austria-Hungary also failed
    - - The war left more than ten million people dead and tens of millions more disabled, cities, villages, roads, bridges, factories destroyed. The amount of money the warring countries cost for the war amounted to about 85 billion dollars. It was this war that made Europe lag behind and loses the leadership role of human civilization that it had assumed for more than 300 years and gradually that role shifted across the ocean to the United States.
      - The war led to the collapse of 4 empires of Russia (1917), Germany (1918), Austria-Hungary (1918), Ottoman (1923) with the hundreds of years of monarchies collapsed in which the two great powers of Austria - Hung and Ottoman were disintegrated and lost their role as a great power. The two empires of Germany and Russia were mutilated and restrained with deeply wounded great-power nationalist sentiments, and it was a very good land for the idea of revenge to lead to a new world war. Many small countries emerged from the decay of empires and from the subjective, bureaucratic division of the victorious powers leading to messy conflicts that destabilized the world later.
- - - - Scientists nonetheless do now no longer recognize for certain in which the Spanish Flu originated, though theories factor to France, China, Britain, or the United States, in which the primary acknowledged case become stated at Camp Funston in Fort Riley, Kansas, on March 11, 1918.
      - The Spanish flu became a kind A shape of influenza virus that commenced in a bird host (bird flu), as determined in the course of later research. At a few point, it became transmitted to mammals.
    - - There were no effective drugs for the Spanish flu, no antibiotics to treat infections that humans had contracted as complications of the flu
      - Nor were there mechanical ventilation machines or intensive care units
    - - Overcrowding of animals and people, especially the military, during World War I.
      - Lack of health care providers. A significant percentage of doctors fought in the war.
      - Lack of effective treatment, in part due to the cause unknown at the time.
      - The virus' unique ability to copy itself and infect the lungs. This last trait was found during virus research in 1918 using tissue found in people who had died from the Spanish flu.
    - - Extreme tiredness
      - Loss of appetite
      - Runny nose
      - Chills
      - Fever
      - Cough
      - Headache and body aches
      - Sorethroat
    - - An important factor in the global incidence of the flu has been the increase in travel; modern transportation systems made it easier for soldiers, sailors, and civil travelers to spread the disease.
      - And others were the lies and denials of governments, which left the population ill-prepared to deal with the outbreaks.
      - Outbreaks
        
        It occurred in almost all inhabited parts of the world, first in ports, then it spread from city to city along major transport routes
        
        India is said to have suffered at least 12.5 million deaths during the pandemic, and the disease reached distant islands in the south. Pacific, including New Zealand and Samoa.
      - The flu spread in three waves
        
        The second one and maximum deadly from Setptember 1918 to January 1919,
        
        Some agree with it became due to the fact the soldiers doing military service back home in the summer, or that Portuguese people who back home through train after the conflict ended, have been to blame.
        
        The third from February 1919 via the end of the year.
        
        Spanish flu returned in the early months of 1919, despite the fact that this time, generally speaking, it was now no longer as deadly as during the second wave. Scientists suspect that the populace had with the aid of using then evolved enough immunity for the prevalence of the virus to have much less effect.
        
        Scientists suspect that the populace had with the aid of using then evolved enough immunity for the prevalence of the virus to have much less effect.
        
        The first in the spring of 1918
        
        The first outbreak of flu-like illnesses became detected in the U.S. in March, with extra than one hundred cases reported at Camp Funston in Fort Riley, Kansas.
    - - Economic
        
        The flu become additionally damaging to the economy. In the United States, organizations had been pressured to close down due to the fact such a lot of personnel had been sick.
        
        Basic offerings inclusive of mail shipping and rubbish series had been hindered because of flu-bothered people.
      - Deaths
        
        Around the globe
        
        It is estimated that around 500 million people, or a third of the world's population, were infected with this virus.
        
        The number of deaths has been estimated at at least 50 million worldwide and about 675,000 occurred in the United States.
        
        Mortality was high in those under 5 years of age. 20-40 years old and 65 years or more.
        
        Devastated communities
        
        In Iran, mortality was very high: it is estimated that between 902,400 and 2,431,000, or between 8% and 22% of the total population died.
        
        Bristol Bay, a Native Alaskan region, suffered a death toll of 40 percent of the total population and some villages disappeared completely.
        
        In Ireland, Spanish flu caused a third of all deaths in the worst 12 months.
        
        In South Africa, an estimated 300,000 people, or 6% of the population, died within six weeks.
    - - The flu danger disappeared in the summer time season of 1919 while maximum of the infected had both evolve immunities or died.
- - - - Auschwitz I
        
        A former World War I camp for transient workers and later a Polish army barracks, Auschwitz I was the main camp (Stammlager) and administrative headquarters of the camp complex. Fifty km southwest of Kraków, the site was first suggested in February 1940 as a quarantine camp for Polish prisoners by Arpad Wigand, the inspector of the Sicherheitspolizei (security police) and deputy of Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski, the Higher SS and Police Leader for Silesia.
        
        Construction of crematorium I began at Auschwitz I at the end of June or beginning of July 1940.[32] Initially intended not for mass murder but for prisoners who had been executed or had otherwise died in the cam
      - Auschwitz II-Birkenau
        
        After visiting Auschwitz I in March 1941, it appears that Himmler ordered that the camp be expanded
        
        The prisoners were forced to live in the barracks as they were building them; in addition to working, they faced long roll calls at night.
        
        As a result, most prisoners in BIb (the men's camp) in the early months died of hypothermia, starvation or exhaustion within a few weeks
      - Auschwitz III-Monowitz :
        
        In February 1941, Himmler ordered that the Jewish population of Oświęcim be expelled to make way for skilled laborers; that all Poles able to work remain in the town and work on building the factory; and that Auschwitz prisoners be used in the construction work.
        
        Although the factory had been expected to begin production in 1943, shortages of labor and raw materials meant start-up was postponed repeatedly.
      - Subcamp
        
        Prisoners were also made to work in forestry and farming. farming subcamp where prisoners worked 12-hour days in the fields, tending animals, and making compost by mixing human ashes from the crematoria with sod and manure.
        
        farming subcamp where prisoners worked 12-hour days in the fields, tending animals, and making compost by mixing human ashes from the crematoria with sod and manure.
      - Medical experiments, block 10
      - Death wall
    - - Functionaries and Sonderkommando
      - Tattoos and triangles
      - Transports
      - Life for the inmates
      - Women's camp
- - - - Promoted the idea that man was the center of his own universe, and people should embrace human achievements in education, classical arts, literature and science.
      - an intellectual approach which developed among those being taught a new form of curriculum: the studia humanitatis, which challenged the previously dominant Scholastic thinking.
    - - The Renaissance started in Florence, Italy, a place with a rich cultural history where wealthy citizens could afford to support budding artists.
    - - Art, architecture and science were closely linked during the Renaissance. In fact, it was a unique time when these fields of study fused together seamlessly.
      - Scientific discoveries led to major shifts in thinking
      - Renaissance art was characterized by realism and naturalism. Artists strived to depict people and objects in a true-to-life way.
    - - Members of the powerful Medici family, which ruled Florence for more than 60 years, were famous backers of the movement.
    - - Amerigo Vespucci
      - Ferdinand Magellan
      - Christopher Columbus
    - - a new form of Christianity, known as Protestantism, was created
- - - - 1418 - 1427
    - - The Evolution
        
        February 1418, Le Loi raised an uprising flag in Lam Son, claiming to be Binh Dinh Vuong
        
        In the middle of 1418, the Minh army mobilized a strong force, determined to capture and kill Le Loi. Faced with a critical situation, Le Lai disguised himself as Le Loi and sacrificed himself. Minh's army thought that he had killed Le Loi, so they withdrew.
        
        At the end of 1421, more than 100,000 Minh troops launched an attack on the base of the insurgent army. Le Loi had to withdraw his troops to Chi Linh mountain.
        
        In the summer of 1423, Le Loi proposed a temporary peace and was accepted by the Minh army. In May 1423, the insurgents returned to Lam Son base.
        
        In 1424, the insurgent army attacked Kha Luu and liberated Nghe An.
        
        From October 1424 to August 1425, the insurgents liberated Tan Binh and Thuan Hoa. In August 1425, Tran Nguyen Han and Le Ngan led their troops to liberate Tan Binh and Thuan Hoa.
        
        At the end of 1426, the insurgent army marched to the North in 3 directions, expanding the scope of activities. Insurgent army won many big battles, Minh army had to withdraw to Dong Quan citadel to entrench.
        
        At the end of 1426, victory at the battle of Tot Dong - Chuc Dong.
        
        October 1427, victory at the battle of Chi Lang - Xuong Giang.
      - Result
        
        Minh army retreated to their country.
        
        After the victory, Binh Dinh King Le Loi ordered Nguyen Trai wrote the article Binh Ngo Dai Cao to announce to the whole country.
        
        Dai Viet is restored, Le Loi ascended the throne, located reign Thuan Thien, now opens the Le Dynasty in nearly 400 years later .
    - - ~100,000 killed in battle
      - Casualties: ~300,000
        Captured: 100,000
    - - VIETNAM(:
- - - - BATTLE
        
        Ngo Quyen and his force had set up massive stakes tipped with iron foiled points on the river bed. When the river tide rose, the sharpened stakes were covered by water.
        
        As the Southern Han sailed into the estuary, Vietnamese in smaller crafts went down and harassed the Chinese warships, lured them to follow upstream.
        
        In late 938, the Southern Han fleet led by Liu Hongcao met Ngo Quyen's fleet on the gate of the Bach Dang River.
        
        The Southern Han fleet consisted fast warships carrying fifty men on each–twenty sailors, twenty five warriors, and two crossbowmen.
        
        When the tide fell, Ngo Quyen's force counterattacked and pushed the Chinese fleet back to the sea. The Southern Han ships now were stuck in the stakes and became immobilized.
        
        Half of the Han army were killed and drowned, including Liu Hongcao.
        
        When the news of the defeat reached Liu Yan on the sea by his survived soldiers, he learned that his troops were not lucky, and then retreated back to Guangzhou.
      - AFTERMATH
        
        The Jinghai Principality de facto became independent, and Vietnamese history comes into its own.[15] Southern Han never attacked the Vietnamese again.
        
        Vietnam won. It marks the end of more than 1000 years of Northern Vietnamese domination and the resumption of national unity for the Vietnamese people
        
        In spring 939, Ngo Quyen proclaimed himself king and chose the antiquity town of Co Loa as the capital.
      - BACKGROUND
        
        In 931, the local strong Dương Đình Nghệ with an army of 3,000 had drove the Southern Han back to the borders.
        
        In 937, Đình Nghệ was assassinated by Kiều Công Tiễn, an formal military officer. Đình Nghệ's son in law and also his general, Ngô Quyền, mobilized his army to overthrow Kiều Công Tiễn.
        
        In October 930, Southern Han, a Chinese state, launched an attack on the Jinghai circuit, which at the time was a Vietnamese principality controlled by the Viet Khuc clan. The leader of the Khuc, Khuc Thua My, was taken prisoner by the Southern Han Emperor Liu Yan.
        
        Công Tiễn called Liu Yan for support. Liu Yan then put his son Liu Hongcao in command of the expedition, granting him the titles Jinghai jiedushi and King of Jiao, dispatching a fleet and sailing to the Gulf of Tonkin, headed inland up Bạch Đằng River, the water gate of Annam. Liu Yan himself led an additional force following his son's fleet.
- - - - October 1939. Hitler authorizes killing of the impaired
        
        Adolf Hitler authorizes the beginning of the Euthanasia Program—the systematic killing of those Germans whom the Nazis deemed "unworthy of life." At first, doctors and staff in hospitals are encouraged to neglect patients. Thus, patients die of starvation and diseases. Later, groups of "consultants" visit hospitals and decide who will die. Those patients are sent to various "euthanasia" killing centers in Greater Germany and killed by lethal injection or in gas chambers
      - August 3, 1941
        Catholic bishop denounces Euthanasia Program
        
        By 1941, the supposedly secret Euthanasia Program is generally known about in Germany. Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen of Muenster denounces the killings in a public sermon on August 3, 1941. Other public figures and clergy will also raise objections to the killings.
      - August 24, 1941
        Hitler officially orders end to "euthanasia" killings
        
        Mounting public criticism of the "euthanasia" killings prompts Adolf Hitler to order the end of the program. Gas chambers in the various "euthanasia" killing centers are dismantled. By this time, about 70,000 German and Austrian physically or mentally impaired patients have been killed. Although the Euthanasia Program is officially ended, the killing of physically or mentally impaired people continues in secret in individual cases.
- - - - The Navarre plan
        
        Second step
        
        From Autumn-Winter 1954, after completing the above objectives, they will put all their strength to the North, switch to strategic offensive on the main battlefield, win a great military victory, forcing the Viet Minh to accept accept negotiations on French terms, if refused, the French strategic maneuver troops will focus all efforts to eliminate the main Viet Minh.
        
        First step
        
        Autumn-Winter 1953 and Spring 1954 held a defensive position in North Vietnam, concentrating a large mobile force in the Northern Delta to deal with the Viet Minh's attack; carry out a strategic offensive in the South to occupy 3 provinces in the inter-zone 5 delta; at the same time accelerating the expansion of the National Army of Vietnam (VNA) and building a large mobile domestic army capable of defeating the main Viet Minh corps.
        
        France appointed Commander-in-Chief Henri Navarre to Indochina to seek a decisive military victory as the basis for a peaceful discussion of strengths. The plan of the French command in Indochina consisted of two steps:
      - Vietnam's plan
        
        As for the People's Army of Vietnam, since connecting the border with China, it has received valuable military aid from the Soviet Union and China. Since then, the People's Army of Vietnam has become much larger and more mature than it was before 1950.
        
        The General Command of the National Army and the Vietnamese militia saw the battle of Dien Bien Phu as a great opportunity to destroy, create a resounding victory, thereby ending the long-term resistance, and made a determination: destroy the Dien Bien Phu stronghold group to create a new turning point in the war, before the US imperialists intervene more deeply in Indochina".
    - - At 5:30 p.m. on March 13, 1954, General Vo Nguyen Giap ordered the opening of the campaign. Phase 1 from March 13 to March 17, the Viet Minh attacked the North subdivision. After 5 days, mastered Him Lam, Doc Lap, Ban Keo. This victory opened the door to the north of Dien Bien Phu and boosted the soldier's morale.
      - The second phase of the campaign started from March 30 to April 30, attacking the Eastern stronghold group, including hills C1, E, D, A1. In the second attack, a new timetable was applied to the troops, sleeping during the day, fighting all night. The Viet Minh used encirclement tactics by means of a trench transportation system that gradually encircled, tightened, and dug trenches across the airfield, to the foot of the enemy's entrenched bunker.
      - The French army was increasingly defeated on the battlefield of Dien Bien Phu, had to wait for American reinforcements. Overcoming victory, the Vietnamese army launched a third attack, from May 1 to May 7, the Viet Minh attacked and occupied the remaining strongholds. Particularly, hill A1, the most solidly built stronghold, carried out 4 attacks but only captured half of the hill. On the night of May 6, the Vietnamese army had to secretly use explosives to destroy the underground tunnel system and capture the hill.
      - At 5:30 p.m. on May 7, 1954, the Vietnamese People's Army's "Determined to win" flag fluttered on the roof of General De Castries' tunnel.
    - - This victory dealt a fatal blow to the foundations of French colonialism and American intervention, marking the collapse of old colonialism on a worldwide scale. Signaling the failure of the counter-revolutionary global strategy of neo-colonialism led by the US imperialists.
      - The victory strongly encouraged the colonial peoples to fight for independence, especially the countries of Africa and Latin America. At the same time, it has proved a truth of the era of Marxism-Leninism: Nations are oppressed and invaded if they have a strong will and the right path, be creative, unite and promote strength. In the people's war for independence and freedom, that nation will definitely win.
- - - - Iconic feature?
        
        Whenever the gun ran out of ammo, it would eject the current clip inside of it and make a ping noise. This sound was so iconic that it became a feature of the M1 Garand, reminding the enemies of how advanced America was during the wars.
      - Original creator
        
        Made by a Canadian consulting engineer of the Springfield Armory named John Garand
      - Purpose
        
        America after WW1 sought after a reliable self-loading rifle that could replace their outdated M1903 Springfield
      - Why it was used by America's army
        
        The M1 Garand was chosen by the US military due to the fact that it uses the caliber that the army already uses ".30-06"
      - Design
        
        Uses 8 round en-bloc clips
        
        Retains the clip in the internal magazine and automatically ejects it out when ran out of bullets
      - Quirk
        
        The gun was the first ever successful semi-automatic rifle in active military service, giving the US massive advantage over the Germans
      - Popularity in games
        
        Commonly seen wielded by the Americans in historical military shooter during the 2000s as Saving Private Ryan was massive inspiration for video games to show the gritty side of war
        
        After the surge for WW games started to fade and modern military shooter took over, the M1 Garand is portrayed more as an ancient relic rather than an adequate firearm
        
        Used mostly in the WW2 setting but it has appeared quite a lot on the Pacific front, Africa and even in the Viet Nam war as a weapon for special forces
      - Production
        
        3.53 million rifles were produced during 1932-1945
    - - Original creator
        
        John Teliaferro Thompson, a US military officer and small arms specialist
      - Purpose
        
        There was a need for smaller, lighter replacement for automatic machines guns at the time like the Gatling gun, Maxim gun,...
      - Quirk
        
        The so-called first-ever submachine gun ever made in history
        
        Frequently seen used by both Americans on the front lines and the Mafias on the streets
        
        Small enough to be concealed inside a violin or guitar suitcase
      - Design
        
        Used a 20 round box magazine or a 50 round drum magazine
        
        Had a mechanic called "Blish Lock" that allowed for simple designs but makes the gun only capable of firing .45 ACP. It was later switched to another commonly seen mechanic in guns called "Blowback"
      - Production
        
        More than 1.5 million were made during the war
      - Why it was used by the Americans during the war
        
        The Army saw potential in the submachine gun so they had top of the line engineers redesign the gun to fix some parts so it was more suitable for dirty warfare instead of urban combat. It then became an SMG (submachine gun) that was reliable, well liked and rarely had issues
      - Popularity in video games
        
        It is seen always as the starter weapon of your character, assuming you playing as the Allied
        
        It had a stubby length and iconic look so it was marked as the symbol of technology advancement and the patriots of America
        
        After the WW era game surge ended, as with the M1 Garand, the Thompson also became more of a relic in modern day shooter. There was also a slim chance for both the M1 Garand and Thompson to be seen in post-apocalyptic settings
    - - Purpose for demand
        
        During the 20th century, demands of a self-loading pistol were becoming increasingly common
      - Original creator
        
        John Moses Browning, a legendary fire arms designer
      - Quirk
        
        The most reliable pistol to ever appear in the world, showing not a single malfunction even after firing 6000 rounds
      - Iconic feature
        
        Uses .45 ACP that allows for reliable self-loading functions and high stopping power
      - Design
        
        Single action only, this means that the hammer of the gun must cocked, either by manually cocking it or by racking the slide
        
        Incredibly simple but elegant design allowing the slide to lock and unlock with the barrel. To this day, most modern pistols a similar design as it proved it's effectiveness
        
        Was one of the best feats of mechanical engineering at the time
      - Production
        
        More than 2 million were produced
      - Why it was used by the army
        
        It proved to be reliable even when used one-handed, thus making it a common sight to see a commanding officer with one in hand
      - Popularity in games
        
        Always used as a sidearm to go with other guns, even after their service time they are still still widely used by Americans
- - - - In the year 1932, the Australian goverment got concerned by the rising population of the local Emu because they started evading farm land and ruining farmer crops.
    - - It all started when a Australian farmer land got invaded by the emus and he took one look at his shotgun and he was like : " We got this, easy W ". After that the Australian goverment just send the military in trying to gun the emus down.
    - - The casualties on the human side were 2 Australian farmers but only roughly 986 of the 20,000 emus were killed in the entire war that last 38 days. The Australian spended roughly 10,000 bullets throughout the entire war which costed more than 100,000 dollars.With an exact 10-1 ratio of bullets to dead emu.
    - - So after one month the Australian goverment think that it wasn't worth it so they just wave the white flag and retrieved. Now the emus roam the land free and became one of Australia iconic animal.