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Life in the Deaf Community - Coggle Diagram
Life in the Deaf Community
1988 Book "Let's Learn about Deafness"
aimed at hearing parents of deaf children
defined categories
Dear - cannot hear, usually h. aides do not help
Hard of Hearing
can hear some sounds
hearing aids can help some
may or may not speak clearly
Hearing Impaired - umbrella term, focused on deficit
may have speech, sign lang, writing
contrast with present: Deaf or Hard of Hearing
DEAF COMMUNITY
Deaf Clubs
1800-present: jobs shifted from agriculture to manufacturing to schools, increased independence, tech, acces
common interests, language , experiences, values
began as residential schools
club activieies, seniors, sports, celebrations, etc
Vanishing: lower membership and support in 1990's-2000's
used to satisfy social emotional needs
wider availability cc movies and tv
tech - tty teletypewriters, internet, email
fewer residential schools, more mainstreen
Padden and Humphries = decline started before telephone access due to more professional opportunities & middle class opportunities
social opportunities increased
Religion
0 access until mid 19th C.
THG, episcopal priest, began study schools, St Anne's church for Deaf, began sign language for religions services
Baptist: Michaels - 1st missionary to deaf people; by 1960's over 240 classes
began to cross religions
often was in churches with deaf congregation led by hearing people; sign language was low quoality
Episcopalian 1884 - 1st to have deaf person ordained as a priest (Syle); lost hearin gat age 6
Philly pastor, son of Clerc
National Fraternal Society of Deaf - Insurance
used to be not insurable if deaf
1929 - 7K members
1937 - social auxilary = women
1951 - women could buy life insuance
1980's-13k members
9/11 "United we Stand" initiative to help victims
honored high school scholars and athletes
2007 - ceased operation because no longer needed; mission accomplished
Impacts of World Wars
during war, residential school or vocational
prior, low work in factory based on supposed risks
WWI&II - deaf people in factories replaced tose who went to war
Goodyear - 1500 deaf people lived iwthin 1 square mile
patriotism increased, gardens, knitting
deaf org: NAD & Red Cross - donation of "clubmobiles"
Post War
many deaf laid off after war; factories closed; soldiers returned home
increase in deaf peddlers, handed out cards for money, continues today
1990's, NYC group, exploited, groups, children, immigrants; offered housing, stayed in US, educated and got jobs
Athletics
1945 - American Athletic association of the Deaf AAAD
Basketball, softball
became the USADSF
over 20 individual and team sports
affiliated with International Committee of Sports for the Deaf (ICSD) founded in 1924
Deaflympics held every 4 years
Debate: Deaf Utopia
Deaf-only community proposal such as Marthas Vineyard example, accessibility, isolated from mainstream
Flournoy - 1850's: creation of Deaf community to congress;
suggested Clerc supported by Clerc denied - did not want a deaf state
2003 propsal - Salem South Dakota called "Laurent"; drew up blueprints
2005- 151 families expresed interest
2007 - $10million funding did not come through = bankrupcy
story of EARth / can hEAR; far away = EYEth - all deaf, use hands and eyes to communicate;j analogy for experience of deaf people
Post Secondary Educational Opportunities
more white collar deaf
more opportunities in post sec ed
before 1970s, little access/higher ed beyond reach, few masters, lack of resources, low interpretive services
Author Ron Nomeland: high grades, low participation b/c no discussion (?!?)
1960's, more post sec ed, admin = Cal State Northridge Leadership Program
increase in deaf and non deaf participants
school with no track record with deafness, recognized potential of deaf education/admin
Lyndon Johnson - 1965 - est National Technical Institut for the Deaf (NTID) affiliated with university; 28 applied, went to Rochester NY; current = 1500 students
Gallaudet University = 1900 students
expansion of teacher and interpreter training programs
The Deaf Community, aka, "deaf world"
mostly deaf users of sign language, social connections
inclusinve of some hearing people, professionals, family members; support common goals and work together to achieve them
Fort Monroe Workshop pg 90: first to bring together large group of deaf leaders
represented "shar break in traditional paternallism"
demonstrated independence
need for a united body to representdeaf people
1967 - Council of Organization Serving the Deaf (COSD)
information and advocacy
discontinued in 1977
Deaf Culture and Deaf Identity
Deaf Culture
earliest ref - 1965 - Dictionary of American Sign Language: social and cultural characteristices
1960's cicvil rights movement
more assertive roles, empowerment, pursue education, decision making responsibility
1991: H. Corson - Deaf STudies for Education: "different center" world view, can differ but many similarities; visual based
from disability to ability
from handicap to culture
from silent individual to vibrant community
from primitive gestures to A.S.L.
Deaf Identity
J. Cannon Cultural identity = heritage, roots, family, pubringin
Deaf people do not see hearing loss as negative
personal identity = choice to use sign, english, situational
Language - to reject language is to reject a person
How Deaf Culture acquired
Historically 1- born to deaf parents, lear from parents; 2-residential schools intro deaf culture, teachers, peers
Educational settings now = more mainstreamed, fewer opportunities to immerse in culture and with peers
fewer deaf rose models,
lower number of deaf children together
impact deaf children perceptions and feelings, impacts educational performance
Characteristics / Culture
learned behavior
Values: ASL - primary, respect for eyes and hands, visual signals, interpreters
Rules of Behavior - eye contact, gaze, attention getting, avoid "visual noise"
Traditions, clubs,sports, deaf humor, oral history, mime, plays
Norms: variety of info on introduction, background, ed, dating/marrying deaf person, sharing news
Personalized name signs
rec from peers, family, or school
marks participation in deaf community
DNS: descriptive or ANS: arbitrary; 81% arbitrary
ILY salute: mixed use and views over the years
Viewpoints re: types of deafness, CODA, different experiences, backgrounds
Sociology: cultural universals; deaf culture and sign language
Diversity
varied characteristics, age, gender, race, geographic, religion, gender, hearing status, vision status
part of multicultural education
personal identification: 1989: 87% identified black before deaf; 13% deaf first (from deaf families, more in deaf culture); saw ethnicity as more visible and wanted that respect