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Justin Cabrera P.6 Integumentary system - Coggle Diagram
Justin Cabrera P.6
Integumentary system
Layers of the skin
Hypodermis(Superficial fascia)
Location: Subcutaneous layer deep to skin
Function: Absorbs shock & insulates, Anchors skin to underlying structures
Adipose tissue
Dermis: Underlies epidermis
Reticular layer:
Function: Many elastic fibers provide stretch-recoil properties, Collagen fibers provide strength and resiliency, & Bind water, keeping skin hydrated
Location: Dermis
Description: ~80% of dermal thickness
Description: Contains epidermal hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
Papillary layer:
Function:
Description: loose, interlacing collagen & elastic fibers and blood vessels
Location: Superficial layer of areolar connective tissue
Dermal papillae
Function: Sends fingerlike projections up into epidermis
Location: Superficial region of dermis, Thick skin(dermal papillae lie on top of dermal ridges)
Contains capillary loops, free nerve endings, & touch receptors
Friction Ridges: Enhance gripping ability, add to sense of touch, & Sweat pores in ridges leave unique fingerprint pattern
Function: Fibers in matrix bind body together
Epidermis: Superficial region
Description: Epithelial tissue & avascular
Layers of Epidermis
Stratum Granulosum(granular layer)
Function: Keratinization begins, Slows water loss
Location: Epidermis, above Stratum Granulosum
Description: 4 to 6 cells thick, cells are flattened
Stratum Lucidum(clear layer)
Function: Ability to stretch skin
Location: Epidermis, above Stratum Granulosum (only in thick skin)
Description: Consists of flat, dead keratinocytes
Stratum Spinosum(prickly layer)
Location: Epidermis, above Stratum Basale
Description: Keratinocytes appear spikey, labeled prickle cells, Several cell layers thick
Function: Strength & flexibility of skin
Stratum Corneum(horny layer)
Description: Rows of flat, anucleated, keratinized dead cells
Location: Epidermis, Lies superficial to the stratum granulosum
Function: Protect deeper cells from environment, Prevent water loss, Protect from abrasion & penetration, Act as a barrier against biological, chemical, & physical assaults
Stratum Basale(basal layer)
Function: Has rows of single cells that actively divide
Location: Epidermis, deepest layers
Description: 10–25% of layer consists of melanocytes
Cell types
Melanocytes
Function: Produce pigment melanin
Location: Epidermis
Description: Spider-shaped cells
Dendritic(Langerhans) cells
Location: Deep Epidermis
Description: Star-shaped macrophages
Function: Activators of immune system
Keratinocytes
Location: Major cells of epidermis
Millions shed everyday
Function: Produce fibrous keratin
Tactile(Merkel) cells
Description: Sensory receptors
Location: Epidermis
Function: Sense touch
Major Functions of the Skin
Cutaneous Sensations
Description: Part of the nervous system
Location: Integumentary system
Function: Respond to stimuli outside body, i.e. temperature & touch, sense painful stimuli
Metabolic functions
Function: Synthesize vitamin D, activate some hormones, makes collagenase
Description: Contains Keratinocytes
Location: Integumentary system
Body Temperature Regulation
Description: Sweat glands & dermal blood vessels
Location: Integumentary system
Function: Cool body via sweat, Constrict blood flow to contain heat
Blood Reservoir
Description: Holds up to 5% of the body’s total blood volume
Location: Integumentary system
Function: Shunt blood to other organs
Protection: From microorganisms, abrasions, temperature extremes, and harmful chemicals
Physical barrier
Description: Flat, dead, keratinized cells of stratum corneum
Location: Integumentary system
Function: block most water and water-soluble substances
Biological barrier
Description: Contains phagocytic cells, macrophages
Location: Integumentary system
Function: Activates immune system to protect from foreign antigens, DNA can absorb harmful UV radiation
Chemical barrier
Description: Acid mantle & melanin
Location: Integumentary system
Function: Skin secretes chemicals sweat, Sebum and defensins, & antimicrobial defensin
Excretion of Wastes
Description: Sweating can cause salt and water loss
Location: Integumentary system
Function: Secrete limited amounts of nitrogenous wastes, i.e. ammonia, urea, and uric acid
Skin Cancers
Squamous cell carcinoma
Function: Can metastasize, keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
Location: Integumentary system; scalp, ears, lower lip, or hands
Description: Second most common type; scaly reddened papule
Melanoma
Description: Cancer of melanocytes; is most dangerous type
Function: highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy
Location: Integumentary system
Basal cell carcinoma
Function: Stratum Basale cells multiply & slowly invade dermis and hypodermis
Location: Integumentary system
Description: Least malignant & most common
Risk factors: Overexposure to UV radiation & Frequent irritation of skin
Degrees of burns: classified by severity
First-Degree burn
Function: Localized redness, swelling (edema) , and pain
Description: Epidermal damage only
Location: Skin
Third-degree burn
Function: Skin grafting, area is not painful because nerve endings are destroyed
Description: Entire thickness of skin involved, Skin color turns gray-white, cherry red, or blackened
Location: Skin
Second-degree burn
Function: Epidermal and upper dermal damage
Description:
Location: Skin
Issues: Immediate threat is dehydration and electrolyte imbalance, denaturation of proteins, which destroys cells
The ABCDE Rule
Color: Contains several colors
Diameter: larger than 6 mm
Border irregularity: exhibits indentations
Evolving: Change is shape, size, or color.
Asymmetry: 2 sides of the pigmented area do not match
Rules of Nine: evaluate the severity of burns
Description: Body is broken into 11 sections
Each section representing 9% of body surface
Except for Genitals; 1%
Function: Estimate volume of fluid loss