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Destiny Quinteros P.2 Integumentary System - Coggle Diagram
Destiny Quinteros P.2 Integumentary System
Major Functions of Skin
Largest organ in body by weight
Composed of two layers the epidermis and dermis
Accessory structures: hair, nails, glands & sensory receptors
Conducts parts of the process to make vitamin D
Protective covering preventing substances from entering body
Body temperature regulation ; sweat gland activation, vasodilation or vasoconstruction of dermal blood vessels
Healing of wounds
Layers of Skin & Layers within structures
Epidermis
4 Layers but 5 Layers in thick skin only
Stratum Corneum - outer most layer, dead, flattened, keratinized cells; sheds constantly from outer skin surface
Stratum Lucidum
Stratum Granulosum
Stratum Spinosum - excretes sweat
5.Stratum Basale - deepest layer of the skin, dividing layer
Protects against water loss, mechanical injury, chemicals, & microorganisms
Melanocytes
Special cell; produces pigment called *Melanin -color pigment brown/black
Melanin protects skin cells DNA from damaging effects of UV radiation from the sun
Melanin pigment provides skin & hair color, the more Melanin present the darker the skin or hair
Dermis
Binds the epidermis to underlying tissue
Is thicker than the epidermis
Genetically determined pattern of friction ridges formed by dermal papillae provides unique fingerprints
Fibers provide toughness & elasticity to skin
Blood vessels carry nutrients to upper layers of skin, help regulate body temperature
Contains: nerve fibers, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous glands & sweat glands
Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)
isn't part of skin
Fat layer
Layer under the dermis
Consists: areolar & adipose tissue
Binds skin to underlying tissue
Adipose tissue insulates to conserve body heat
Contains: blood vessels that supply skin
Skin Cancer
Cutaneous Carcinomas
Most common skin cancer
Effects mostly the lighter skinned people that are over the age of forty that are exposed to sunlight regularly
Develop: hard, dry, scaly growths; reddish base
May be flat, raised & firmly adhere to skin
Location: neck, face, or scalp
Grows slowly
Cured with radiation treatment or surgical removal
Melamomas
A.B.C.D.E Rule
A. -Asymmetry
B. - Border (irregular)
C. - Color (more than 1)
D. - Diameter (6+ millimeters)
E. - Evolution or Change
Cutaneous Melanomas
Pigmented with melanin
Variety of colors (blue,gray, variegated brown, or black)
Irregular outline, might feel bumpy
Any age can develop
Caused due to great amount of sun light exposure
Location: skin, back, or limbs
Arises from normal appearing skin or moles
Spreads horizontally, can get think & grow downwards invading deep tissue
Once caught early it can be surgically removed, if it's difficult to remove then survival rate is low!
One in 5 people in the U.S develop skin cancer
Arises in non-pigmented epithelial cells in deep layer of epidermis or from melanocytes
Originating skin cells from epithelial cells are cutaneous carcinomas - squamous cell carcinoma & basal cell carcinoma
Arising from melanocytes are cutaneous melanomas
Degrees of Burns
Superficial Partial Thickness
Region: inflamed, warming & reddening ( erythema) dermal blood vessels to dilate
Mild edema: may swell the exposed tender skin, days later causing it to peal
No scarring
*First Degree Burn
Full Thickness Burns
Destroys epidermis and dermis layer of skin, including the accessory structures of the skin
Region: dry & leathery, may very in color red, to black to white
Results from: immersion in hot liquids or prolonged exposure to hot objects, flames, or corrosive chemicals
Healing: epithelial tissue grows inward since nerves are damaged in the dermal tissue
Skin Transplant
Most cases a thin layer of unburned region of the body or from cadaver ( a homograft) is set on top damaged area
skin consists of a collagen framework seeded with patients own cells providing skin substance for transplant
Extensive burn: a transplant may be necessary
*Third Degree Burn
Partial Thickness Burns
Destroys some epidermis and some underlying dermis tissue
*Second degree burn
Region: becomes moist, firm, vary from dark red to a waxy white
Occurs: exposure to hot objects, hot liquids, flames or burning clothing
Healing: depending on the stem cells that associate with the accessory structures of the skin, if stem cells are in dermis they divide and there daughter cells crow outward to the surface of exposed dermis & spread all over becoming the new epidermis
Rules of 9
Anterior Head = 4.5%
Posterior Head = 4.5%
Anterior Torso = 18%
Posterior Torso = 18%
Anterior upper limbs = 9% (4.5% posterior/anterior) (Arms)
Posterior Upper Limbs = 9% (4.5% posterior/anterior) (Arms)
Anterior Lower Left Limbs =9% (front Left leg)
Posterior Lower Left Limb = 9% (Back Left Leg)
Posterior Lower Right Limbs = 9% (Back Right Leg)
Anterior Lower Right Limbs = 9% (Front right leg)
Lower Left Limb = 18% (Left Leg)
Lower Right Limb = 18% (Right Leg)
Head = 9%
Lower Posterior Torso = 9% (Lower Back)
Upper Anterior Torso = 9% (chest)
Perineum = 1% (genital)