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Respiratory disorders (Chronic Obtructive Pulmonary Disease) - Coggle…
Respiratory disorders (Chronic Obtructive Pulmonary Disease)
Definition
A group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it difficult to breathe.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
Types of COPD
Emphysema
It is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air passages (bronchioles) of the lungs are destroyed as a result of damaging exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritating gases and particulate matter.
Chronic bronchitis
It is inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs
Signs and symptoms
Chest tightness
A chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white, yellow or greenish
Wheezing
Frequent respiratory infections
Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities
Lack of energy
Swelling in ankles, feet, legs
Unintended weight loss (in later stages)
Causes
Tobacco smoking
Exposure to irritating gases
Exposure to fumes from burning fuels
Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
Risk factors
Occupational exposure to dusts and chemicals
Exposure to fumes from burning fuels
People with asthma
Genetics
Exposure to tobacco smoke
Complications
Heart problems
High blood pressure in lung arteries
Respiratory infections
Lung cancer
Depression
Treatments
Long-acting bronchodilators
Formoterol (Perforomist)
Indacaterol (Arcapta Neoinhaler)
Arformoterol (Brovana)
Indacaterol (Arcapta Neoinhaler)
Aclidinium (Tudorza Pressair)
Salmeterol (Serevent)
Umeclidinium (Incruse Ellipta)
Inhaled steroids
Fluticasone (Flovent HFA)
Budesonide (Pulmicort Flexhaler)
Short-acting bronchodilators
Ipratropium (Atrovent HFA)
Levalbuterol (Xopenex)
Albuterol (Ventolin HFA)
Pathophysiology
which adds to airflow limitation and leads to decreased gas transfer capacity
The extent of airflow limitation is determined by the severity of inflammation, development of fibrosis within the airway and presence of secretions or exudates.
This leads to airflow limitation and the destruction and loss of alveoli, terminal bronchioles and surrounding capillary vessels and tissues,
Reduced airflow on exhalation leads to air trapping, resulting in reduced inspiratory capacity, which may cause breathlessness (also known as dyspnoea) on exertion and reduced exercise capacity.
COPD results from the combined processes of peripheral airway inflammation and narrowing of the airways.
Nursing management
Diaphragmatic breathing
Diaphragmatic breathing reduces respiratory rate, increases alveolar ventilation, and sometimes helps expel as much air as possible during expiration.
Inspiratory muscle training. This may help improve the breathing pattern.
Pursed lip breathing.