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01 (language, linguistic) - Coggle Diagram

- - - - first and foremost striking
        
        grammatical rules and the words of language are finite, but the sentences are infinite
    - - language contains two systems, one of sounds and the other of meanings
    - - the relationship between speech sounds and meanings for the most part is an arbitrary one.
        Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of signifier and signified. in his view, there is no inherent relation between sounds and meanings. If the relationship between the two is motivated, the words in different languages that stand for the same meaning would sound the same or similar, then people would not need to learn foreign language.
        
        Admittedly, some words in most languages that are onomatopoetic. this seem to contract arbitrariness. however, when these words are compared, they still sound different.
        
        based on these observations, we can say that all human languages are conventional.
    - - language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future
    - - language a person acquires or learns is a cultural fact, not a biological fact.
    - - all members of a speech community can be senders and receivers of message
    - - human language can be used to describe themselves.
    - - language is an open system so that all social changes can be represented. along with social progress,innovations and new products are coded by language.
  - - - fulfill an individual's purpose of communication
    - - metafunctions
        
        M.A.K Halliday
        
        the ideational function
        
        interpersonal function
        
        textual function
  - - - genetic classification
      - typological classification
        
        based on comparison of formal similarities and difference existing in language
        
        phonologically, tone language/not tone language
        
        morphologically
        
        analytic languages
        
        agglutinating languages
        
        synthetic languages
        
        syntactically
  - - - scientific interpretation
        
        evolution theory
- - - - why scientific
        
        certain linguistic phenomena are observed and questions are raised about them
        2.hypotheses are formulated to explain to the phenomena
        3.the hypotheses are tested by further observations or experiments
        
        if valid, theory is produced. if not,reformulate and verify
  - - - functional linguistic
      - formal linguistic
  - - - spoken English
      - synchronic study
      - descriptive and explanatory
      - theoretically