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Exam 2 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Skeletal
        
        Long parallel Cells
        
        Don't divide or Interconnect
        
        Multinucleated (On top/bottom)
        
        Nuclei Contact with cells walls
        
        Ex. Bicep Brachii
        
        Additional Info
        
        Nerve Connections
        
        Depending on sensitivity of muscle
        (Trapezius one large nerve vs. Lateral rectus has multiple for greater precision/control)
        
        Blood Supply
        
        Wavey shaped arteries to accommodate
        stretching of muscle
      - Cardiac
        
        Short + Branching
        
        Cells are interconnected via Intercolated Disc
        
        Central Nucleus
        
        Ex. Heart Muscle
      - Dark Bands = anisotropic
        Light band = isotropic
    - - Smooth
        
        Small Weak cells
        
        Fusiform shape
        
        Central Nucleus
        
        No Branching/Interconnection
        
        Reticular Fiber between them = contraction
        
        Ex. Muscularis Externa of the intestine
  - - - Skeletal muscle move skeleton
        Smooth muscle move substances/fluids
    - - Rectus abdominis protects abdomen
    - - Pelvic musculature support digestive/urinary/reproductive
    - - Shivering via contraction of muscle
  - - - Uni
      - Di
      - Multi
- - - - Exception: Gomphosis Between teeth + alveolus
  - - - Biaxial: Carpus
      - Multiaxial: Shoulder/Hip
      - Monoaxial: Knee + Elbow
    - - Articular Capsule
        outer fibrous layer, continuous with periosteum
      - Articular Cartilage
        White tissue on ends of bone
      - Synovial membrane
        Secretes synovial fluid
      - Synovial Fluid
        Lubricates, Cushions, and Nourishes
      - Accessory Structures
        
        Meniscus
        Fibrocartilage and restricts movement
        
        Bursae
        Fluid filled sacs to cushion tendons/ligaments
        
        Fat Pads
        Adipose tissue, cushion + occupy space
        
        Ligaments
        
        Intrinsic
        Part of join capsule (thickens)
        
        Extrinsic
        
        Intracapsular
        Within articular capsule
        
        Extracapsular
        Outside capsule
    - - Abduction/Adduction
        
        Relative to shoulder, lifting up and down at angle
      - Flexion/Extension
        
        Relative to arm, decreased angle across joint
      - Medial/Lateral Rotation
        
        Relative to shoulder, rotation towards midline
      - Lateral Flexion
        
        Relative to head, tilting back and forth via neck
      - Elevation/Depression
        
        Relative to mandible, mouth open/closed
      - Protraction/Retraction
        
        Relative to mandible, sticking the chin in/out
      - Inversion/Eversion
        
        Relative to feet, either lean on digit 1/5
      - Circumduction
        
        Relative to 2nd digit, drawing a circle
      - Pronation/Supination
        
        Rotation of hand up and down relative to palm
    - - A. Plane
        B. Hinge
        C. Pivotal
        D. Condyloid
        E. Saddle
        F. Ball-and-Socket
- - - - Erythrocyte (RBC)
        
        Biconcave shape = greater SA = better access to surroundings
        
        Hemoglobin
        
        97% of dry components
        
        contains four HEME groups that can carry one O2 each
        
        Equal affinity for O2 and CO2 BUT higher affinity for CO ("silent killer")
        
        Lacks a Nucleus
        
        Pros: increase oxygen carrying capacity
        
        Cons: cannot self repair
        flexible but need to squeeze through small spaces
        
        Can travel 150-300 miles in lifetime of 110-120 days
        
        Damage not tolerated --> removed in spleen and regen in bone marrow at rate of 3 million /sec
        
        Comparative to 25 million RBC in body
      - WBC
        
        Granular
        
        Eosinophil
        
        Bilobed nucleus
        
        Pink/red cytoplasmic granules
        (Loves acid/eosin dye)
        
        2-8% of WBC (higher if allergies)
        
        Fxn: Regulate edema, phagocyte antigen-antibody complexes, kill parasitic helminths)
        
        Neutrophil
        (AKA Polymorphonuclear Cells)
        
        Multilobed nucleus
        
        Colorless cytoplasmic granules
        (loves neutrality)
        
        Makes of 60% of WBC
        
        Fxns as phagocytes
        
        Barr Bodies connected to nucleus in females
        
        Basophil
        
        Lazy S-Shaped Nucleus
        
        Blue/Purple cytoplasmic granules
        (Base loving)
        
        0.5-1% of WBC
        
        Many functions (ie. histamine regulation)
        
        Light Microscope
        
        Eosin dye is an acid and will turn bases pink/red
        
        Hematoxylin dye is a base and will turn acids blue/purple
        
        Agranular
        
        Monocyte
        
        Horseshoe/kidney shaped nucleus
        
        Cytoplasm looks "old/worn"
        
        8-12% of WBC
        
        Fxn to differentiate to macrophages
        
        Lymphocyte
        
        Rounded/Indented Nucleus
        
        Cytoplasm is sparse (mostly nucleus)
        
        Fxn: Manufacture antibodies
      - Platelets
        
        Manufactured
        by megakaryocyte
        
        Megakaryocyte:
        Large cells with multilobed nucleus
        
        Fxn: Also help blood clots
    - - Water (92%)
      - Dissolved Proteins (7%)
        
        Albumins (65%)
        transport lipids, steroids, colloid osmotic pressure
        
        Globulins (30%)
        immunoglobulins, antibodies made by lymphocytes
        
        Fibrogens (4%)
        assist platlets in clotting blood, largest
        
        Regulatory Proteins (1%)
      - Ions, nutrients, salts, nitrogenous waste (1%)
    - - Blood Volume
        5-6 L in males, 4-5 L in females
      - Blood Temperature
        100.4 F
      - Blood pH
        7.34-7.45 (slightly basic)
      - Hematocrit
        % of RBC in whole blood
        
        Average
        37%-54% RBC and 63-46% plasma
        
        Dependent on lifestyle (how active) and altitude
        
        RBC can be raised artificially via blood doping + erythropoietin
    - - Determined by antigens on surface of RBC
        protein, glycoproteins, glycolipids, carbs
      - ABO System
        
        Antigens = Type
        (ie Type A has A antigen)
        
        Antibodies = what is NOT antigen, present in plasma
        ( ie Type A has B antibodies)
      - Rhesus Factor (Rh)
        
        Most people are Rhesus positive
      - Blood Transfusions
        
        Universal donor = Type O
        Universal Acceptor = Type AB
        
        Limit to donation because introducing outside antibodies can attack internal antigens
      - Rare example: mother Rh- and father Rh+
        
        First child will sensitize Rh+
        
        Second fetus's RBC's will be destroyed unless injection given bc mother develops Rh+ antibodies
  - - - Start in middle
        Move to left
        Tilt superior surface to left
        Push superior surface anterior
      - Inside pericardial cavity
    - - Visceral Pericardium
      - Parietal Pericardium
      - Between layers: exudate lubricant
        
        If inflation in cavity that causes pressure on blood can cause heart attack
    - - Pulmonary: heart to lung
      - Systemic: heart to body
        
        Arterial: carry O2
        
        Elastic Arteries
        
        Muscular Arteries
        
        Arteriole
        
        Metarteriole
        
        Venous: carry CO2
        
        Small Veins
        
        Medium Veins
        
        Post-Capillary Venules
        
        Large Veins
        
        Capillary (exchange CO2, O2)