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CHROMOSOMES, GENES AND DNA - Coggle Diagram
CHROMOSOMES, GENES AND DNA
CHROMOSOMES
A structure found inside the nucleus of a cell. A chromosome is made up of proteins and DNA organized into genes. Each cell normally contains 23 pairs of chromosomes.
Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly coiled many times around proteins called histones that support its structure. Chromosomes are not visible in the cell's nucleus—not even under a microscope—when the cell is not dividing.
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A genome is an organism's complete set of genetic instructions. Each genome contains all of the information needed to build that organism and allow it to grow and develop.
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GENES
Genes determine features by instructing cells to produce particular proteins which then lead to the development of the feature
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Protein synthesis is the process in which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation. Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. It includes three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.
Structure of DNA
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A molecule of DNA is made from two strands of molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotides contains sugar molecule (deoxyribose), a phospate group and a nitrogen-containing group called a base.
There are four bases, adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and guanine (G) (A is always opposite of T), (C is always opposite of G)
Mutations are errors in codons caused by changes in nucleotide bases. Some mutations may not have much effect.