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Amy Arteaga Period 7 Skeletal System: - Coggle Diagram
Amy Arteaga Period 7 Skeletal System:
Male vs female skeleton
Pelvic girdle
: In
females
is lighter, thinner, & with less muscular attachments. In
females
: acetabula is smaller and pubic arch is wider. In
males
: oval obturator and smaller pubic arch
Pelvic Cavity
: In
females
is wider and shorter, roomier, less funnel-shaped. In
females
the distance ischial spines and ichial tubersoles are greater than
males
Sacrum
: In
females
is wider and sacral curvature is bent more sharply posterior than
males
Coccyx
: In
females
is more movable than
males
Names & Types of Bones
Cranium & facial skeleton
Vertebrae
Ribs
true ribs:
top 7 pairs, connects costal cartilages
False ribs
; bottom 5 pairs, do not reach sternum
floating ribs; lowest 2 pairs, do not attack to sternum
Cervical: 7 in neck
thoratic(12) thoratic region near rib cage
lumbar (5) much stronmger than rest of vertebrae{lomo}
Atlas
: first vertebrae(c1)
Axis
: second vertebrae(c2)
coccyx
: tailbone; attached to sacrum
sacrum
: triangular bone at base
sternum
: breastbone, cpr
maxillae
: (upper jaw) upper teeth
Frontal bone
: forms anterior skull (forehead)
Pariental bones:
form roof and sides of skull, behind frontal bone
Nasal
: bridge of nose
zygomatic
bones: cheecknoes, lateral walls of orbits
sphenoid: base or cranium, sides of skull, portion of eye socket
Mandible: lower jaw, supports lower teeth
palantine
; posterior portion of hard palate
lacrimal
: (lagrima) forms medial wall of orbit
hyoid
; supports tongue and is only floating bone
occipital
; back of head
synus; cavity within bone
paranasal sinuses; air filled spaceswithin some skull bones. reduce weight and increase vocal resonance
process; prominent bony projection
Long bones; humerus, tibia, fibula, femur, phhalanges(fingers)
Appendicular Skeleton:
made of pectoral and pelvic girdles, lower and upper limbs.
Pectoral Girdle
: made of scapula and clavicle; supports upper limb
Pelvic Girdle
: made up of coxal, sacrum, and coccyx
Coxal bone
: made up of ischium, ilium, and pubis
Axial Skeleton
: bones of head, spine, and ribs. protect and support head, neck, and trunk
Long
: bone longer than wider with expanded ends. EX: arm, leg, thigh, and forearm bones
Short
: bone where length and width are about equal. EX: wrists & ankles, kneecap
Flat
: plate like & broad surface. EX: scapula, ribs, strernum, clavicle, & flattened skull bones
Irregular
: complex or varied shape. EX: vertebrae, some facial bones
Sesamoid
(round)bones: small, hondular develop within a tendon. EX: patella
COMPACT BONE: solid matrix with tightly packed cells organized in concentric circles
Joints & movements of Synovial Joints
Connection of two or more bones; functional junction betwen bones
Ball-and-socket join
t: round/egg shaped head; allows widest range of motion and movement in all planes. EX: shoulder and hip
synovial fluid
: lubricates joints. fluid found in synovial joints and bursae
synovial membrane
: secretes synovial fluid
Meniscus
: shock absorbing pad of fibrocartilage
Gliding joint
; EX: carpals, tarsals, vertebral bones(flat bones)
Condylar(condyloid) joint:
oval shaped, elliptical cavity; allows movement in two planes(back & forth, side to side). EX: metacarpals and phalanges, joint between skull and C1
Processes
: bony projections; attachment site for tendons and ligaments
Articular Cartilage
: covers epiphysis; made of hyaline cartilage; found at ends of long bones
Pivot joint:
+allows rotation around central axis. cylindrical surface rotates around ring of bone and ligament. EX: joint between axis and atlas.; allows shake head no
Hinge Joint
: allows movement in 1 plane like a hinge of a door. EX: elbow, knee, joins between fingers and toes.
Plane (Gliding) Joint:
allows sliding/twsting. surfaces that are nearly flat/slightly curved. EX: joints of wrist and ankle, between vertebrae
Saddle Joint:
variety of movement in two planes. EX: wrist bone and metacarpal bone of thumb.
Synarthroses
: immovable joint
Amphiarthroses
: slightly movable joint
Fibrous Joint
: joint connected by fibrous tissue(immovable) EX.sutures of skull
Diathroses
: freely movable joint
Cartilaginous joint
: composed of cartilage. slightly movable. EX: intervertebral discs between vertebrae and pubic symphysis between pubic bones
Joint capsule
: joins joint surface to create joint cavity; made of fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
Joint cavity
: space within the synovial join; filled w synovial fluid.
Bursae
: fluid-filled fibrous sacs; not part of joint
Ligamen
t: holds joints together
metacarophalangeal
hoint of thumb is; condyloid
Bone Fracture Repair
process in repair of a fracture
2)
*
spongy bone
* forms in regions close to developing blood vessels and
fibrocartilage** forms
3)Hard(
bony
) callus replaces fibrocartilage
1)
blood escaped from reptured vlood vessels forms
hematoma
4)
Osteoclasts
remove excess bony tissue
; restoring new bone structure similar to original
Anatomy of Long bone
Diaphysis
: shaft of bone
Epiphysis
: expanded ends of the bones
Epiphyseal Plate
: layer of cartilage located in the metaphysis(growth plate)
Periosteum
: tough outer covering of bone; made of dense connective tissue
Endosteum
: lines the medullary cavity
Medullary cavity
: marrow cavity space within diaphysis
Perforating (Volksman) Cannal
: connects central canal of adjacent osteon; helps osteon share blood and nerve supplies
Bone marrow
: connective tissue found inside medullary cavity (yellow) spongy(red)
Compact bone
: tightly packed tissue found in wall of diaphysis
Spongy bone
: porous bone made up of branching bone ; found in epiphysis
Proximal epiphysis
: near where joint meets
Bone Remodeling
osteoclasts reorb and osteoblasts deposit bone throughout life
controlled by hormones that regulate blood calcium
Once osteoblasts have encased themselves with matrix they become
osteocytes
& found in lacunae
:
Bone building cells(
osteoblasts
) deposit bone in place of calcified cartilage
Bone-reorbing cells are
osteoclasts
& break down calcified cartilage
Factors that affect bone repair, growth, & development:
1)
Nutrition
; vitamin D needed for calcium absorption
2)
Hormonal
secretions: growth & sex hormones
3)
Physical exercise
: when muscles pull on bones it allos increase of thickness and strength
TUBERSITY; a part of bone that is a projection/bump
Disorders
Communuted Fracture:
complete, break into separate fragments
Transverse: complete
, break occurs at a right angle(horizontal)
Fissured Fracture
: incomplete longitudinal break(straight down middle)
Oblique Fracture
: at an angle other than right angle to the axis of the bone
Greenstick fracture
: incomplete break that occurs on convex surface;broken only on one side and the other side is bent; common in children
Spiral Fracture
: caused by excessive twisting. Breaks in spiral form
Complete
: breaks into two or more pieces