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Microbiology pt.1 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Cystains, Mucins, Immunoglobulins, Lyzosomes, lactoferin, calprotecin, lactoperoxidase
    - - Amylase, protease, lipases
    - - Remineralisation/ protects against demin
        
        Ca++ Phosphate
    - - Bicarbonate, phospate, proteins
  - - - Variations occue due to: lifestyle, environmental, host genetic, disease, immune system, physiological process
  - - - Conditioning film (pellicle from absorbed salivary glycoproteins)
      - Water Channels/Voids
        
        Allow for cooperative ecosystem
        
        Water for growth and waster product removal
      - Seeding bacteria (gram +ve cocci/rods initally adhere)
      - Multiplication (sequential colonisers recuit gram -ve cocci/rods, filamentous, fusobacteria and spirochetes)
      - EPS is deposited w/ bacterial aggregation
      - biomass incraeses and thickens the biofilm
      - An equlibrium state is reached (bateria growth/loss)
  - - - Mutans streptococci & lactobacilli sp = caries
      - A.a & Porphyromonas gingivalis = periodontitis
    - - Dysbiosis
        
        Alters the ecological niche from homestatic set point
        
        Oxygen tension, pH, nutrient avaliability, metabolities
        
        Bad diet, poor plaque control, low saliva flow, altered host defense, broad spectrum antibiotics
        
        Fermentable sugars ~ alows for sugar fermentable species to dominate
      - Oxygen Needs
        
        Obligate anerobes = only with O2, ex. P.gingivalis
        
        Faculatative anerobes = with or without O2, ex. mutans strep
        
        Oxygen Tension (PO2) affects the environment for bacteria - either facilitating health or disease
- - - - Helicobatcter plyori (acid resistant bacteria) when infective can cause GI ulcerations
    - - Probiotics = live bacteia help reduce rates of bowel cancer
      - Dysbiosis of the GIT is associated with IDB and Bowel Cancer
      - Bottle fed vs breast fed (breast - gram +ve bacteria ie bifido/lactbacilli) (bottle fed - gram -ve ie. enterobacteriae)
  - - - Cellular priming of kertatinocytes
      - Mutalistic
        
        Peptides toxic to S . aureus and group A Streptococcus
        
        Lantibiotics or bacteriocins
    - - Ex. Hopspital infections
      - Oppourtinitic pathogen
      - Can infect any tissue and destroy fungal mycobes
- - - - Vaginal vs caesarian births affects our skin microbiome
    - - occurs from parents to child through intimate contact = SM colonizes oral cavity before the tooth erupts through vertical transfer (mother to child)
      - SM risk for Early Childhood caries
  - - - Parent assisted tooth brushinh, limited snacking and improved motehr OH/ caries risk
  - - - Acidic Drinks
        
        Promote acidic flora (low pH) , deminerilzation (phosphate) , saliva dysfunction (caffine) = poor oral health
    - - Smoking lowers the oxygen tension both in the mouth air and in the tissues
        
        More facultative and strict anaerobes in the supragingival plaque microflora
  - - - Yoghurt and probio foods
    - - Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is an antioxidant and antimicrobials
      - interfers with S. mutans biofilm formation and cell adherence
    - - plaque reductive = EO (essential oils) , CHX, CPC
    - - Salivary parameters (dysfunctions)
        
        Dry mouth/Xerostomia
        
        Salivary hypofunction
        
        Caused by: Ageing (>50ys), Medications HTNs/diuretics, Drugs (Alcohol, smoking), Medical conditions (DM, Sjrogrens, SLE)
- - - - low F- expousre, keystone pathogens, poor OH, high sugar intake, grazing intake patterns, acidic foods
    - - Smoking, caffine, inadequate fluid intake, stress, salivary gland pathology, medications
    - - Imbalances in the resident microflora resulting from an enrichment within the microbial community of these "oral pathogens"
  - - - Good plaque
        
        low cariogenic environment
        
        Limited fermentation capabilities
        
        Produces primarily acetate (with lesser quantities of propionate and butyrate)
        
        These weaker acids can effectively buffer plaque pH changes.
        
        Counter the low pH produced by acidogenic organisms by using arginine or urea to generate ammonia
        
        Produce alkaline – metabolize protein substrates = reduces impacts of acid in plaque
      - Bad plaque
        
        highly cariogenic environment
        
        Produces quantities of lactate, formate and pyruvate
        
        Stronger organic acids = readily demineralizes enamel
        
        Candida albicans
        
        Fungal species that enhances cariogenic biofilm virulence, especially in early childhood caries (ECC)
  - - - (Tricolour - metabolic test)
        ○ Single site plaque fermentation
        ○ Multi site plaque ecology
      - Important Tool for aiding in the prevention of caries for patients having orthodontic treatment
      - Red/Pink = young plauque (non-acid), Purple = older plaque (no-acid), Light Blue = old plaque (acid producing)
  - - - • High F and high stabilized Ca reduce Fermentation
      - • Buffering from phosphate and peptides
      - Blocking of adhesins – effects on MS levels
- - - - Bacteriocins
      - Quorum sensors
    - - TLR signalling
      - AMP induction
  - - - One +, one - (Parasitism, predation, amensalism and competition)
      - One +, one ~ (commensalism)
      - Both +, + (mutualism and protoco-operation)