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Biochemistry-Nitrogenous Waste - Coggle Diagram
Biochemistry-Nitrogenous Waste
Nitrogenous compounds(Urine)
Uric acid
Creatinine
Urea
NH4+
UREA
Amino group catabolism
: 1.
Transamination
>Amine group removed from AA from ingested protein>transferred to an acceptor(Alpha-keto glutaric acid)>Left with an alpha ketoacid and glutamate[
Transferase responsible
]
2.Amine group removed by
deamination
(ammonium group extracted from glutamine/glutamate= ammonium removed)
AA Metabolism(adult:400 g synthesized & degraded each day>(300 g -
recycled
, 100g-
catabolized
>compensate by ingesting 100 g of AA as protein diet)
2 reactions
Transamination
: requires
alpha ketoglutarate
(acceptor of amine group) &
amino transferase
(converting alpha keto glutamate to glutamate) &
Pyridoxal phosphate (active form of
vitamin B6)
>>left with carbon skeletons alpha=keto acid targeted into gluconeogenesis
Direct Deamination
: Glutamate dehydrogenase which directly takes glutamate & cleave amine group resulting in the formation of other alpha ketoglutarate
These two reactions generate NH4+ Which attaches to other compounds & is converted to urea for excretion
Ammonia Transport
Liver
-glutamine converted to glutamate >ammonia removed & directed to urea cycle
Tissue
-ammonium is added to glutamate(glutamic acid)= glutamine(2 amine groups) via glutamine synthetase, glutamine travels in the blood stream & goes to liver
Muscle-
break down of AA= NH4+ released>ammonium is conjugated to alphaKG generating glutamate(GLU) >GLU reacts with pyruvate>amino group transferred to pyruvate results to Alanine>Alanine is transferred out of muscle> to the blood space into the Liver >In the liver it is taken up & amine group is removed into alphaKG>Becomes Glutamate>amine group removed to generate ammonium. Alanine is also converted to pyruvate>produce glucose(After removal of amine group from Alanine)
Significance of NH3 transport
To transport ammonia=prevent elevation of ammonia