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KNOWLEDGE CAPTURE AND CODIFICATION - Coggle Diagram
KNOWLEDGE
CAPTURE AND
CODIFICATION
The literature does not reflect any consensus on the role of the individual in knowledge acquisition. A middle ground is needed where individuals play a critical role in acquiring organizational knowledge.
According to Crossan's 4I model, organizational learning involves a tension between assimilating new learning (exploration) andusing what has been learned (exploitation).
Organizational knowledge acquisition is the "amplification and articulation of individual knowledge at the firm"
The value of tacit knowledge sharing was discovered in a surprising way at Xerox. Many of the techniques described in this chapter derive from techniques originally used in artificial intelligence.
Tacit Knowledge Capture at Individual and Group Levels
Knowledge acquisition is the transfer and transformation of valuable expertise from a source to a knowledge repository.
This process involves reducing a vast volume of content from diverse domains into a precise, easily usable set of facts and rules.
Tacit knowledge may require much more significant up-front analysis and organization before it can be suitably described and represented.
Knowledge engineers developed a toolkit of techniques to interact with subject matter experts.
Today, many organizations face knowledge continuity concerns due to retiring baby boomers who represent knowledge "walking out thedoor".
There are three major approaches to knowledge acquisition from individuals and groups - interviewing, observing and learning by being told.
Interviewing Experts, Learning by being told, Learning by observation
Tacit Knowledge Capture at the Organizational Level
Organizational knowledge acquisition is qualitatively different from that which occurs at individual and group levels.
Malhotra outlines four major organizational knowledge acquisition processes: grafting, vicarious learning, experiential learning and inferential processes.
Grafting involves the migration of knowledge between firms. Vicarious learning involves one firm observing other firms' demonstrations of techniques or procedures.
Experiential knowledge acquisition involves knowledge created by doing and practicing.
Repetition based experience relies on the learning curve to establish routines and procedures.
Knowledge acquisition occurs primarily through interpretation of events, states, changes, and outcomes. The results of all four types of organizational knowledge capture will ultimately reside in some type of knowledge repository.
EXPLICIT KNOWLEDGE CODIFICATION
Knowledge can be shared through personal communication and socialization.
Knowledge codification is the next stage of leveraging knowledge.
By converting knowledge into a tangible, explicit form such as a document, that knowledge can be communicated more widely. Documents can be disseminated widely over a corporate intranet.
Cognitive Maps
Cognitive mapping is based on concept mapping which allows experts to directly construct knowledge models.
Concept maps represent concepts and relations in a two-dimensional graphical form. These may be drawn manually by taping small note pages on a wall, whiteboard, or visualization software.
Common Knowledge Engineering Methodology (KADS) is a methodology centered on six models of an organization.
It includes a task model of the organization's business process, as well as an agent model of its use of knowledge.
Next the knowledge used in the organization is described in terms of possessors and processes used, whether or not it is in the right form and location, ofthe right quality, and available at the right times.
Decision Trees
A decision tree is a flowchart that represents the impact of different decisions being made at a juncture point.
A decision tree can represent many "rules," and when you execute the logic by following a path down it, you are effectively bypassing rules that are not relevant to the case in hand.
Their graphical nature makes them very easy to understand, and they are obviously very well suited for the coding of process knowledge.
Knowledge Taxonomies
Knowledge taxonomies allow knowledge to be graphically represented in such a way that it reflects the organization of concepts within a particular field of expertise or for the organization at large.
Concepts can be viewed as the building blocks of knowledge and expertise.
The higher up the concept, the more general or generic the concept is.
Each node is a subgroup of the node above it, which means that all of the properties of the higher-level node are automatically transferred from "parent "to "child".
Taxonomies are basic classification systems that enable us to describe concepts and their dependencies—typically in a hierarchical fashion.